Eye IV Flashcards
Three types of strabismus
- esotropia
- exotropia
- hypertropia
Refractive error causes what kind of strabismus
accommodative esotropia
Convergance error causes what kind of strabismus
intermittent exotropia
At risk medical conditions for strabismus
- down’s syndrome
- cerebral palsy
- stroke
- head injury
- prematurity and low birthweight
Hypertropia is due to palsy of what CN
CN IV
-uncommon
Treatment of strabismus
- lenses
- prisms
- vision therapy
- botulinum toxin
What often causes amblyopia
- strabismus
- leaving a new born on one side
Amblyopia aka
“lazy eye”
Strabismus is associated with what bad thing
retinoblastoma (unequal light relfex)
New suddent onset strabismus or diplopia in an adult is what until proven otherwise
ANEURYSM
-posterior communicating artery
Gradual onset diplopia in adults
intracranial tumor
Transient or persisting diplopia in adults
temporal arteritis
Variable diplopia
Myasthenia Gravis
Pterygium
growth on the cornea, more common on the nasal side
Symptoms of pterygium
starts asymptomatic, progresses to dry eye, burning, gritty sensation
Typical appearance of pterygium
reddish white, triangle, apex toward cornea
What can cause a pterygium
result of UV light exposure, dust, smoke, and low humidity
Pathophys of pterygium
-benign firbo vascular proliferation and basophillic degeneration of corneal collagen
What is responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins
matrix metalloproteinase
Treatment of pterygium
- sunglasses/hat
- topical lubricants or mild steroid
- surgical
Complications of pterygium
- irritated, gritty eyes
- contact lens appearance
- astigmatism
- decreased vision
Type of cataracts
- congential
- age related
- secondary
- traumatic
Treatment for cataracts
- new glasses prescription
- sunglasses for glare
- surgery
Complication of cataract
develop a hyper mature cataract that causes decreased vision and a riskier surgery
Glaucoma
group of diseases that damage the optic nerve of they eye and results in vision loss, usually associated with increased eye pressure
Types of glaucoma
- primary open angle glaucoma
- congenital glaucoma
- secondary glaucoma
- angle closure glaucoma
- low tension glaucoma
- pigmentary glaucoma
- pseudoexfoliation glaucoma
What is considered legally blind
- visual field of 10 degrees
- 20/200 vision
Treatment of primary open angle glaucoma
- topical medications
- prostalandins
- beta blockers
- alpha adrenergic agonists
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- miotics
- surgical options
What is congenital glaucoma associated with
- trisomy 21
- axenfeld reiger syndrome
- juvenile glaucoma
Causes of secondary glaucoma
- trauma
- surgery
- retinopathy of prematurity
- increased episcleral venous pressure
- retinoblastoma
- herpes
- diabetes
- topiramate and other sulfa drugs
Medications associated with angle closure glaucoma
- cholinergic meds
- anti cholinergic meds
- anti histamines
- SSRI
- adrenergic agonists
Treatment for angle closure glaucoma
LASER peripheral iridotomy
Normal tension glaucoma
- unusually fragile optic nerve
- reduced blood flow to the optic nerve
Risk factors for dry macular degeneration
- age
- family history
- race
- smoking
- obesity
- cardiovascular disease
Sx of dry macular degeneration
- blurry, disorted vision
- blind spot
Management of dry macular degeneration
diet management
supplement management
Management of wet macular degeneration
- Anti- VEGF injection into eye
- anti vascular endothelial growth factor
- photodynamic therapy
- photocoagulation
Signs of hypertensive retinopathy
- widening of the arteriole light reflex
- arteriovenous crossing signs
- copper or silver wire arteries
- Elsching spots
- siegrist streaks
- retinal hemorrhages
- cotton wool spots
- esudates
- papilledema
Symptoms of hypertensive retinopathy
- blurry vision
- spots or floaters
- dark spots in vision
- difficulty seeing well at night
Diabetic retinopathy
damage to small blood vessels of the eye by sugar in the blood
Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy
- duration
- poor sugar control
- HTN
- high cholesterol
- pregnancy
- tobacco
- black, latino or native american
What can diabetic retinopathy cause
- vitreous hemorrhage
- fibro vascular proliferation
Treatment of diabetic retinopathy
- tight control of blood sugar and blood pressure
- anti- VEGF injections
- steroid injections or implants
- laser
- vitrectomy
