eye drugs

Question 1

antimuscarinics

Answer 1

atropine, homotropine, tropicamide, cyclopentolate, scopolamine

Question 2

antimuscarinics side effects

Answer 2

increases intraocular pressure, transiently stings, burns

systemic : dry mouth, skin, photophobia, tachycardia, palpitations, headache, somnolence

Question 3

antimuscarinics contraindications

Answer 3

glaucoma and sulfite preservative allergy

Question 4

1st line for glaucoma

Answer 4

prostaglandin analogs: latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost

Question 5

beta-receptors antagonists for glaucoma

Answer 5

timolol maleate, levobunolol, metipranolol, carteolol

Question 6

carbonic anhydrase (isoenzyme II) inhibitors

Answer 6

dorzolamide, brinzolamide, acetazolamide

Question 7

PGF2alpha analog mechanism

Answer 7

unclear, thought to facilitate aqueous outflow via accessory uveoscleral outflow pathway

Question 8

PGF2alpha metabolism

Answer 8

isopropyl ester pro-drugs that undergo in situ hydrolysis after penetrating cornea

Question 9

PGF2alpa side effects

Answer 9

acute: blurred vision, stinging/burning, itching
chronic: slow and permanent brown pigmentation of iris, eyelid skin, and eyelashes, also increasing growth and thickness

Question 10

beta-blocker effects

Answer 10

decrease aqueous humor production by decreasing cAMP-PKA stimulation; decrease ocular bloodflow and ultrafiltration producing humor

Question 11

beta-blocker side effects;

Answer 11

systemic effects after topical dose; damages contacts

Question 12

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor moa

Answer 12

reduce bicarbonate secretion and fluid transport, decreasing IOP

Question 13

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors adverse effects

Answer 13

25% experience dysgeusia (bitter taste)
sulfonamide drugs: allergic reactions - agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, fulminant hepatic necrosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and other blood dyscrasias

Question 14

muscarinic agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors moa

Answer 14

increase aqueous humor flow; direct acting miotics

Question 15

muscarinic agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors contraindications

Answer 15

iritis, uveitis, inflammatory condition of anterior chamber, CV disease, asthma, PUD,

Question 16

muscarinic agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors adverse effects

Answer 16

decreased night vision; caution in patients with cholinergic-mediated medical conditions (CHF, asthma, GI, etc.)

Question 17

cholinesterase inhibitors pharm

Answer 17

more potent and longer acting miotics; more adverse effects

Question 18

echothiophate moa

Answer 18

cholinesterase inhibitor

Question 19

carbachol, pilocarpine, and acetylcholine HCL moa

Answer 19

muscarinic agonists

Question 20

alpha-2 specific

Answer 20

apraclonidine and brimonidine

Question 21

non-specific alpha agonists

Answer 21

phenylephrine, naphazoline, tetrahydroxoline

Question 22

sympathomimetics moa in eye

Answer 22

decrease IOP by increasing outflow of aqueous humor

Question 23

veteporfin moa

Answer 23

generates free radicals leading to vessel damage and subsequent platelet activation, thrombosis, and occlusion of choroidal neovascularization

Question 24

veteporfin adverse effects

Answer 24

headache, injection-site reactions, visual disturbances, temporary photosensitization

Question 25

where is the aqueous humor produced

Answer 25

ciliary body