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Respiratory > Eye Disorders > Flashcards

Eye Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the tear?

A

Oil (from meibomian glands)
Water (from lacrimal glands)
Mucus (from conjunctiva cells)

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2
Q

What is subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

Extravasation of blood underneath conjunctiva

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3
Q

What is the cause of subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

Cough/sneezing, vomiting, straining
Strenuous exercise
Severe HTN, bleeding do

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4
Q

What is the tx of subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

Self-limiting

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5
Q

What should not be started in subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

ASA/NSAIDs

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6
Q

What is the etiology of dry eye syndrome?

A

Inadequate tear production

Accelerated tear evaporation

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7
Q

What is the presentation of dry eye syndrome?

A

Blurred vision with eye stain

Burning, gritty, foreign body sensation

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8
Q

What are the causes of dry eye syndrome with inadequate tear production?

A 
Autoimmune (Sjogren's)
Lacrimal damage (SJS, radiation)
Lacrimal deficiencies (Age, post lasik/cataract surgery, medications)
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9
Q

What medications can cause dry eye syndrome?

A

1st generation antihistamines
Antiemetics
Antidepressants

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10
Q

What are the causes of dry eye syndrome with accelerated tear evaporation?

A

Inadequate tear composition
Meibomian gland dysfunction
Clogged gland
Chronic skin condition (eczema, etc)

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11
Q

What is the treatment of mild dry eye syndrome?

A

Artificial tears QID

Lubricants

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12
Q

What are the treatments for moderate to severe dry eye syndrome?

A

Artificial tears up to 12 times daily
Lubricating gel or ointment QHS
Lacrisert (artificial tear insert)

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13
Q

When should Restasis be used?

A

Secondary to sjogrens or meibomian dysfunction

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14
Q

What are the treatments for severe chronic dry eye?

A

Restasis
Xiidra
Plugs

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15
Q

Does restasis or xiidra have the fastest onset?

A

Xiidra

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16
Q

What are the AEs of Xiidra?

A

Taste disturbances
Burning on administration
Reduced visual acuity

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17
Q

What are the types of plugs for severe chronic dry eyes?

A

Punctal

Cannicular

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18
Q

What is a chalazia?

A

Eyelid cyst

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19
Q

Does a cyst or stye come from an infectious origin?

A

Stye

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20
Q

What is the etiology of chalazia?

A

Meibomian gland occlusion

Extravasation of lipid material into eyelid soft tissue

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21
Q

What is the etiology of hordeola?

A

Localized infection

External (eyelash follicle) most common

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22
Q

What is hordeola?

A

Stye

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23
Q

What is the presentation of a cyst?

A

Localized to eyelid

Forms small nontender nodule

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24
Q

What is the presentation of a stye?

A

Forming a small yellowish pustule

Pustule will rupture and discharge pus w/in 2-4 weeks

25
Q

What is the etiology of blepharospasms?

A

Ocular irritation (long standing dry eye)
Medications (DAs)
Worsened by: fatigue, sleep deprivation, anxiety, bright light

26
Q

What is the tx of blepharospasms?

A

Remove/correct cause
Wear sunglasses/improve sleep
Treat sx

27
Q

What are last line options for blepharospasms?

A

Botulinum toxin

Surgery

28
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Progressive opacification of lens

29
Q

What are RFs for Cataracts?

A 
Age
Exposure to UV/X-rays
Smoking/EtOH
Malnutrition/DM
Ophthalmic corticosteroids
30
Q

What are the early presentations of cataracts?

A

Loss of contrast sensitivity (vision at night)

Need more light to see well

31
Q

What are latent presentations of cataracts?

A

Blurred vision

Visual acuity

32
Q

What are preventions for cataracts?

A

UV coated sunglasses

Ophthalmic exams

33
Q

What is the treatment for early staged cataracts?

A

Corrective prescription lens

34
Q

What is the treatment for latent staged cataracts?

A

Surgical intervention/lens replacement

35
Q

What is AMD

A

Atrophy or degeneration of the macula

Age-related Macular Degeneration

36
Q

What are RFs for AMD?

A

FH
Caucasian
Smoking/HTN

37
Q

What is atrophic AMD presentation?

A

Dry

Drusen (Irregular pigmentation of the macula)

38
Q

What os the presentation of wet AMD?

A 
Neovascularization
Drusen
Hyperpigmentation of macula
Hemorrhages
Exudate
39
Q

What is the treatment for atrophic AMD?

A

PreserVision:
Vitamin C
Beta-Carotene

40
Q

When do we treat atrophic AMD?

A

RFs for advanced disease

41
Q

What is the treatment for Wet AMD?

A

VEGAs

42
Q

How are VEGAs administered?

A

Intravitreal

43
Q

What disease is exopthalmos associated with?

A

Grave’s disease

44
Q

What diseases is retinopathy associated with?

A

DM

HTN

45
Q

What deficiency is kerotamalacia associated with?

A

Vitamin A

46
Q

What is the cause of exopthalmos?

A

Autoimmune mediated

47
Q

What are the presentations for exopthalmos?

A 
Dry eye
Eyelid retraction and lag
Staring
Decreased visual acuity
Photophobia
Hyperthyroidism
48
Q

Will treatment of Grave’s disease improve exopthalmos?

A

No

49
Q

What is the treatment for exopthalmos?

A

Lubrication to protect cornea

Corticosteroids if severe

50
Q

What is the presentation of acute severe HTN retinopathy?

A

Retinal hemorrhage
Cotton wool spots
Yellow exudates
Papilledema

51
Q

What is the presentation of chronic HTN retinopathy?

A

Narrowing of arteries
Hardened artery (AV nicking)
Restricted blood flow (Copper appearance)

52
Q

What are the types of DM retinopathy?

A

Nonproliferative

Proliferative

53
Q

What is the presentation of nonproliferative DM retinopathy?

A

Microaneurysms
Cotton wool spots
Macular edema

54
Q

What is the presentation of DM retinopathy?

A

Neovascularization
Frail vessels
Formations of fibrous tissue
Cause retinal detachment

55
Q

What is the treatment for nonproliferative DM retinopathy?

A

Mild-moderate: observe`

If DM macular edema: VEGA or LP

56
Q

What is the treatment for proliferative DM retinopathy?

A

VEGAs and LP
If no macular edema: VEGAs = LP
If macular edema: VEGAs > LP

57
Q

What are the causes of vit A deficiency?

A 
Alcoholism
Underdeveloped countries
Sprue/celiac disease
Pancreatitis/IBD
Cirrhosis
58
Q

What is the presentation of Vit A deficiency?

A

Night blindness

Dry eyes

Respiratory (8 decks)

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