Eye Diseases

Question 1

What are the 3 main types of conjunctivitis?

Answer 1

Bacterial

Viral

Allergic

Question 2

Is viral conjunctivits typically unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 2

Bilateral

Question 3

Which type of discharge is seen with viral conjunctivitis?

Answer 3

Watery

Question 4

What is the treatment for viral conjunctivits?

Answer 4

Supportive

Topical lubricants (Hypromellose)

Cool compresses

Question 5

How does bacterial conjunctivitis present?

Answer 5

Morning crusting

Difficulty opening eyes

Mucopurulent yellow discharge

Question 6

Which types of allergens typically cause allergic conjunctivitis?

Answer 6

Pollen

House dust mite

Animal dander

Question 7

How does allergic conjunctivits present?

Answer 7

Watery eyes

Ocular itch

Watery discharge contains stringy mucoid elements

Question 8

How does acute anterior uveitis present?

Answer 8

Sudden red and painful eye

Photophobia

Conjunctival injeection

Blurred vision

Deep aching eye pain that radiates up to the brow

Eye pain is exacerbated by focusing on near objects

Hyperaemia is maximal at thejunction of the cornea and sclera

Eye tender to touch

Pupil is constricted and may be irregular in shape

Question 9

Which diseases can be associated ith acute anterior uveitis?

Answer 9

Anklyosing spondylitis

IBD

Psoriatic arthropathy

Question 10

What is the treatment for acute anterior uveitis?

Answer 10

Topical steroid

AND

Cycloplegic agents

Question 11

What is keratisis?

Answer 11

Inflammation of the cornea

Question 12

How does keratitis typically present?

Answer 12

Photophobia

Severe ocular pain

Associated foreign body sensation

Question 13

Name a cause of keratitis.

Answer 13

UV exposure

Question 14

Name a cause of reccurent keratitis.

Answer 14

Viral infections (Herpes Simplex)

Question 15

What are the symptoms and signs of temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)?

Answer 15

Temporal headache

Temporal artery tenderness

Jaw claudication

Drop in vision

Question 16

How is temporal arteritis treated?

Answer 16

High dose steroids - Prednisolone

Question 17

What is the major complication of temporal arteritis?

Answer 17

Anterior ichaemic neuropathy

Question 18

What are some side effects of steroids?

Answer 18

Weight gain

Hair and skin thinning

Glaucoma

Osteoporosis

Immunosuppresion

Diabetes

Exacebration of viral infection

Gastric ulceration

Cataract

Question 19

What are the risk factors for glaucoma?

Answer 19

Family history

Ethnicity - black american/asian

Uveitis

Question 20

How is glaucoma treated?

Answer 20

Prostanoids (e.g. Latanoporst)

Beta blockers (Timolol, Betaxolol)

Carbonic anyhdrase inhibitors (e.g. Dorzolamide)

Alpha adrenergic agonists (Brimonidine)

Parasympathomimetic (Pilocarpine)

Combination (Dorzolamide and Timolol)

Question 21

When are drugs delivered intravitreally?

Answer 21

In endopthalmitis

Question 22

When is local anaesthetic used in opthalmology?

Answer 22

FB removal

Tonometry

Corneal scraping

Comfort

Cataract surgery

Question 23

When are diagnostic dyes used?

Answer 23

To show corneal abrasion

For denditric ulcers

Question 24

Which bacteria can be responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 24

Staph aureus

Strep. pneumoniae

Question 25

Which viruses can cause viral conjunctivitis?

Answer 25

Adenovirus (most common) Herpes Simplex Herpes Zoster

Question 26

Name a complication of chlamydial conjunctivitis.

Answer 26

Subtarsal scarring

Question 27

What is the most common cause of bacterial keratitis?

Answer 27

Contact lenses

Question 28

Is adenoviral keratitis bilateral or unilateral?

Answer 28

Bilateral

Question 29

What does fungal keratitis look like?

Answer 29

White fluffy lesion on cornea

Question 30

Name the rare bacteria that cause keratitis from contact lenses with water.

Answer 30

Acanthamoeba

Question 31

How is septal cellulitis treated?

Answer 31

Flucloxacillin

Question 32

Why is orbital cellulitis more common in infants and children?

Answer 32

The pre-septum in the eye has not fully developed. Bacteria can spread from the skin outside the eye into the orbit of the eye.

Question 33

How is orbital cellulitis treated?

Answer 33

Abscess drainage IV broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 34

Which types of bacteria cause orbital cellulitis?

Answer 34

Staphylococci Streptococci Coliforms

Question 35

What is endophthalmitis?

Answer 35

Infection inside the eye Post-surgical or endogenous

Question 36

How does endophthalmitis present?

Answer 36

Very painful and red eye Recent surgical procedure to the eye

Question 37

Which bacteria typically causes endophthalamitis?

Answer 37

Staph. epidermidis

Question 38

What can cause toxoplasmosis?

Answer 38

Contaminated soil Undercooked meat

Question 39

What can cause toxocara?

Answer 39

Parasitic nematode (roundworm)

Question 40

How are eye infections diagnosed?

Answer 40

Swab for culture Corneal scrapes Aqueous/vitreous for culture - endophthalmitis Microscopy/culture -acanthamoeba Serology - toxoplasma and toxocara

Question 41

Which antibiotics are used to treat bacterial keratitis?

Answer 41

Ofloxacin Gentamicin Cefuroxime

Question 42

Which antibiotics are used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 42

Chlorophenicol Fusidic acid - staph aureus Gentamicin

Question 43

Which antibtioics are used to treat chlamydial conjunctivitis?

Answer 43

Topical oxytetracycline Adults may also need oral azithromycin treatment for genital chlamydia infection.

Question 44

Which antibiotics are used to treat gonococcal conjunctivitis?

Answer 44

Single dose of Ceftriaxone