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Ophthalmology > Eye Diseases > Flashcards

Eye Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial

Viral

Allergic

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2
Q

Is viral conjunctivits typically unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral

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3
Q

Which type of discharge is seen with viral conjunctivitis?

A

Watery

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4
Q

What is the treatment for viral conjunctivits?

A

Supportive

Topical lubricants (Hypromellose)

Cool compresses

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5
Q

How does bacterial conjunctivitis present?

A

Morning crusting

Difficulty opening eyes

Mucopurulent yellow discharge

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6
Q

Which types of allergens typically cause allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Pollen

House dust mite

Animal dander

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7
Q

How does allergic conjunctivits present?

A

Watery eyes

Ocular itch

Watery discharge contains stringy mucoid elements

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8
Q

How does acute anterior uveitis present?

A

Sudden red and painful eye

Photophobia

Conjunctival injeection

Blurred vision

Deep aching eye pain that radiates up to the brow

Eye pain is exacerbated by focusing on near objects

Hyperaemia is maximal at thejunction of the cornea and sclera

Eye tender to touch

Pupil is constricted and may be irregular in shape

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9
Q

Which diseases can be associated ith acute anterior uveitis?

A

Anklyosing spondylitis

IBD

Psoriatic arthropathy

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10
Q

What is the treatment for acute anterior uveitis?

A

Topical steroid

AND

Cycloplegic agents

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11
Q

What is keratisis?

A

Inflammation of the cornea

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12
Q

How does keratitis typically present?

A

Photophobia

Severe ocular pain

Associated foreign body sensation

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13
Q

Name a cause of keratitis.

A

UV exposure

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14
Q

Name a cause of reccurent keratitis.

A

Viral infections (Herpes Simplex)

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15
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)?

A

Temporal headache

Temporal artery tenderness

Jaw claudication

Drop in vision

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16
Q

How is temporal arteritis treated?

A

High dose steroids - Prednisolone

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17
Q

What is the major complication of temporal arteritis?

A

Anterior ichaemic neuropathy

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18
Q

What are some side effects of steroids?

A

Weight gain

Hair and skin thinning

Glaucoma

Osteoporosis

Immunosuppresion

Diabetes

Exacebration of viral infection

Gastric ulceration

Cataract

19
Q

What are the risk factors for glaucoma?

A

Family history

Ethnicity - black american/asian

Uveitis

20
Q

How is glaucoma treated?

A

Prostanoids (e.g. Latanoporst)

Beta blockers (Timolol, Betaxolol)

Carbonic anyhdrase inhibitors (e.g. Dorzolamide)

Alpha adrenergic agonists (Brimonidine)

Parasympathomimetic (Pilocarpine)

Combination (Dorzolamide and Timolol)

21
Q

When are drugs delivered intravitreally?

A

In endopthalmitis

22
Q

When is local anaesthetic used in opthalmology?

A

FB removal

Tonometry

Corneal scraping

Comfort

Cataract surgery

23
Q

When are diagnostic dyes used?

A

To show corneal abrasion

For denditric ulcers

24
Q

Which bacteria can be responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Staph aureus

Strep. pneumoniae

25
Q

Which viruses can cause viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus (most common)

Herpes Simplex

Herpes Zoster

26
Q

Name a complication of chlamydial conjunctivitis.

A

Subtarsal scarring

27
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial keratitis?

A

Contact lenses

28
Q

Is adenoviral keratitis bilateral or unilateral?

A

Bilateral

29
Q

What does fungal keratitis look like?

A

White fluffy lesion on cornea

30
Q

Name the rare bacteria that cause keratitis from contact lenses with water.

A

Acanthamoeba

31
Q

How is septal cellulitis treated?

A

Flucloxacillin

32
Q

Why is orbital cellulitis more common in infants and children?

A

The pre-septum in the eye has not fully developed.

Bacteria can spread from the skin outside the eye into the orbit of the eye.

33
Q

How is orbital cellulitis treated?

A

Abscess drainage

IV broad spectrum antibiotics

34
Q

Which types of bacteria cause orbital cellulitis?

A

Staphylococci

Streptococci

Coliforms

35
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Infection inside the eye

Post-surgical or endogenous

36
Q

How does endophthalmitis present?

A

Very painful and red eye

Recent surgical procedure to the eye

37
Q

Which bacteria typically causes endophthalamitis?

A

Staph. epidermidis

38
Q

What can cause toxoplasmosis?

A

Contaminated soil

Undercooked meat

39
Q

What can cause toxocara?

A

Parasitic nematode (roundworm)

40
Q

How are eye infections diagnosed?

A

Swab for culture

Corneal scrapes

Aqueous/vitreous for culture - endophthalmitis

Microscopy/culture -acanthamoeba

Serology - toxoplasma and toxocara

41
Q

Which antibiotics are used to treat bacterial keratitis?

A

Ofloxacin

Gentamicin

Cefuroxime

42
Q

Which antibiotics are used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Chlorophenicol

Fusidic acid - staph aureus

Gentamicin

43
Q

Which antibtioics are used to treat chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Topical oxytetracycline

Adults may also need oral azithromycin treatment for genital chlamydia infection.

44
Q

Which antibiotics are used to treat gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

Single dose of Ceftriaxone

Ophthalmology (5 decks)

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