Eye Diseases Flashcards
What are the 3 main types of conjunctivitis?
Bacterial
Viral
Allergic
Is viral conjunctivits typically unilateral or bilateral?
Bilateral
Which type of discharge is seen with viral conjunctivitis?
Watery
What is the treatment for viral conjunctivits?
Supportive
Topical lubricants (Hypromellose)
Cool compresses
How does bacterial conjunctivitis present?
Morning crusting
Difficulty opening eyes
Mucopurulent yellow discharge
Which types of allergens typically cause allergic conjunctivitis?
Pollen
House dust mite
Animal dander
How does allergic conjunctivits present?
Watery eyes
Ocular itch
Watery discharge contains stringy mucoid elements
How does acute anterior uveitis present?
Sudden red and painful eye
Photophobia
Conjunctival injeection
Blurred vision
Deep aching eye pain that radiates up to the brow
Eye pain is exacerbated by focusing on near objects
Hyperaemia is maximal at thejunction of the cornea and sclera
Eye tender to touch
Pupil is constricted and may be irregular in shape
Which diseases can be associated ith acute anterior uveitis?
Anklyosing spondylitis
IBD
Psoriatic arthropathy
What is the treatment for acute anterior uveitis?
Topical steroid
AND
Cycloplegic agents
What is keratisis?
Inflammation of the cornea
How does keratitis typically present?
Photophobia
Severe ocular pain
Associated foreign body sensation
Name a cause of keratitis.
UV exposure
Name a cause of reccurent keratitis.
Viral infections (Herpes Simplex)
What are the symptoms and signs of temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)?
Temporal headache
Temporal artery tenderness
Jaw claudication
Drop in vision
How is temporal arteritis treated?
High dose steroids - Prednisolone
What is the major complication of temporal arteritis?
Anterior ichaemic neuropathy
What are some side effects of steroids?
Weight gain
Hair and skin thinning
Glaucoma
Osteoporosis
Immunosuppresion
Diabetes
Exacebration of viral infection
Gastric ulceration
Cataract
What are the risk factors for glaucoma?
Family history
Ethnicity - black american/asian
Uveitis
How is glaucoma treated?
Prostanoids (e.g. Latanoporst)
Beta blockers (Timolol, Betaxolol)
Carbonic anyhdrase inhibitors (e.g. Dorzolamide)
Alpha adrenergic agonists (Brimonidine)
Parasympathomimetic (Pilocarpine)
Combination (Dorzolamide and Timolol)
When are drugs delivered intravitreally?
In endopthalmitis
When is local anaesthetic used in opthalmology?
FB removal
Tonometry
Corneal scraping
Comfort
Cataract surgery
When are diagnostic dyes used?
To show corneal abrasion
For denditric ulcers
Which bacteria can be responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis?
Staph aureus
Strep. pneumoniae
Which viruses can cause viral conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus (most common)
Herpes Simplex
Herpes Zoster
Name a complication of chlamydial conjunctivitis.
Subtarsal scarring
What is the most common cause of bacterial keratitis?
Contact lenses
Is adenoviral keratitis bilateral or unilateral?
Bilateral
What does fungal keratitis look like?
White fluffy lesion on cornea
Name the rare bacteria that cause keratitis from contact lenses with water.
Acanthamoeba
How is septal cellulitis treated?
Flucloxacillin
Why is orbital cellulitis more common in infants and children?
The pre-septum in the eye has not fully developed.
Bacteria can spread from the skin outside the eye into the orbit of the eye.
How is orbital cellulitis treated?
Abscess drainage
IV broad spectrum antibiotics
Which types of bacteria cause orbital cellulitis?
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Coliforms
What is endophthalmitis?
Infection inside the eye
Post-surgical or endogenous
How does endophthalmitis present?
Very painful and red eye
Recent surgical procedure to the eye
Which bacteria typically causes endophthalamitis?
Staph. epidermidis
What can cause toxoplasmosis?
Contaminated soil
Undercooked meat
What can cause toxocara?
Parasitic nematode (roundworm)
How are eye infections diagnosed?
Swab for culture
Corneal scrapes
Aqueous/vitreous for culture - endophthalmitis
Microscopy/culture -acanthamoeba
Serology - toxoplasma and toxocara
Which antibiotics are used to treat bacterial keratitis?
Ofloxacin
Gentamicin
Cefuroxime
Which antibiotics are used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis?
Chlorophenicol
Fusidic acid - staph aureus
Gentamicin
Which antibtioics are used to treat chlamydial conjunctivitis?
Topical oxytetracycline
Adults may also need oral azithromycin treatment for genital chlamydia infection.
Which antibiotics are used to treat gonococcal conjunctivitis?
Single dose of Ceftriaxone
