Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

H+N and Dermatology > Eye Disease 1+2 > Flashcards

Eye Disease 1+2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What should you include in the history for acute red eye?

A
  • Redness: degree, distribution
  • Pain: grittiness, itchy, stabbing, throbbing
  • Discharge: purulent, mucoid, watery
  • Photophobia (light sensitivity)
  • Flashing lights and floaters
  • Blurred vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What diagnostic tests can you do for acute red eye/loss of vision?

A
  • Snellen’s chart best corrected visual acuity (uses glasses/ contact lenses)
  • Direct ophthalmoscope, Slit lamp + Volk lens: fundus examination
  • Fluorescein dye: corneal diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for acute red eye?

A
  • Infective conjunctivitis
  • Allergic conjunctivitis
  • Corneal abrasion
  • Acute anterior uveitis
  • Scleritis
  • Acute Angle-closure Glaucoma
  • Orbital cellulitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the clinical features of Infective Conjunctivitis?

A
  • Gritty
  • Red
  • Discharge (purulent/watery)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the treatment of Infective Conjunctivitis?

A
  • Topical abx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the clinical features of Allergic Conjunctivitis?

A
  • Itchy
  • Red
  • Discharge (mucoid/watery)
  • Acute
  • Lid swelling
  • Conjunctival swelling (chemosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the treatment of Allergic Conjunctivitis?

A
  • Topical anti-histamine
  • Avoid allergen
  • Mast cell stabilisers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the clinical features of Corneal abrasion?

A
  • Pain
  • Watering
  • Blurred vision
  • Epithelial defect (fluorescein dye)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the treatment of Corneal abrasion?

A
  • Topical abx

- Analgesia (ie. topical cyclopegics, oral paracetemol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical features of acute Anterior Uveitis?

A
  • inflammation of iris and ciliary body*
  • Pain
  • Watering
  • Photophobia
  • +/- Blurred vision
  • +/- Floaters
  • May have prev. hx
  • Redness
  • Cells in the anterior chamber
  • Hypopyon -> white fluid level in the anterior chamber of the eye
  • Small, irregular pupil (posterior synechiae -> iris adherent to the anterior surface of the lens)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment of acute Anterior Uveitis?

A
  • Topical steroids
  • Dilating drops (mydriatics)
  • > prevents adherence of the lens to the pupil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the clinical features of Scleritis?

A
  • VV painful
  • Redness (deep scleral vessels)
  • Nodule (does not move over sclera)
  • VV tender
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment of Scleritis?

A
  • Systemic steroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the clinical features of acute Angle-closure Glaucoma?

A
  • VV painful
  • Redness (full eye)
  • Blurred vision
  • Nausea + vomiting
  • Hazy cornea
  • Fixed mid-dilated pupil
  • Hard eyeball (on palpation)
  • Raised IOP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the treatment of acute Angle-closure Glaucoma?

A
  • Lower IOP
  • > Acetozolamide (decreases production of aqueous humour in the eye)
  • Constrict pupil
  • > Pilocarpine (muscarinic agonist (miotic))
  • > pulls iris away from trabecular meshwork -> allows flow of fluid in the eye
  • ?Surgery
  • > peripheral iridotomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical features of orbital Cellulitis?

A
  • V painful
  • > (not as much as scleritis and acute angle-closure glaucoma)
  • Redness
  • Blurred vision
  • Diplopia (double-vision)
  • Reduced eye movement
  • Proptosis
  • Malaise (unwell)
  • Pyrexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment of orbital Cellulitis?

A
  • REFER
  • IV abx
  • CT scan
  • > to check if there is a sub-periosteal abscess
  • Drainage of pus
18
Q

What should you ask in a pt. history regarding loss of vision?

A
  • Unilateral/bilateral?
  • Onset: sudden/gradual
  • Type of vision loss: blurred/distorted/black
  • Any associated symptoms? (pain, redness, discharge)
19
Q

What Anciliary tests are you able to do for loss of vision?

A
  • Amsler Chart: macular pathology
  • Ishihara Colour Test: colour vision
  • Traditional confrontational visual field test: (cover same eye as pt., bring finger into view and ask if they can see it coming into view)
  • Automated test (Autorefractor): tests for refractive errors
  • Fluorescein Angiography: fundus examination
  • Optical Coherence Tomography: high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina
20
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for sudden complete loss of vision?

A
  • Central Retinal vein or artery occlusion
  • Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy:
  • > giant cell arteritis
  • > non-arteritic
21
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for gradual loss of vision?

A
  • Cataracts
  • > clouding of the clear lens of the eye
  • Glaucoma
  • > damage to the optic nerve
  • Age-related Macular Degeneration (dry (90%), wet (neovascular)
  • Diabetic Retinopathy
22
Q

What is the management of Central/Branch Retinal Artery occlusion?

A

Identify + treat CV risk factors

23
Q

What is the management of Central retinal vein occlusion?

A
  • Identify and treat risk factors (ie. CV, elderly)
  • intravitreal anti-VEGF
  • > to prevent new vessel formation
24
Q

What are the clinical features of GCA (anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy)?

A

SYMPTOMS
- loss of vision (SUDDEN)

  • headache (new or changing)
  • loss of appetite
  • scalp tenderness (nb. when brushing hair)
  • pain on chewing (jaw claudication)

SIGNS

  • tenderness of superficial temporal arteries
  • raised inflammatory markers
25
Q

What is the management of GCA (anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy)??

A
  • High-dose systemic steroids
26
Q

What is the treatment of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A
  • Painless compared to GCA!!*
  • called “non-arteritic” bc lack of blood flow is not due to inflammation of the vessels*
  • identify and treat risk factors!!
27
Q

What are the symptoms of Cataracts?

A

= gradual opacification of the lens

  • loss of vision
  • dazzle/glare
  • > esp. from headlights when driving at night
28
Q

What is the management of Cataracts?

A
  • Surgery

phacoemulsification with intra-ocular lens implant

29
Q

What are the symptoms of Glaucoma?

A
  • asymptomatic

- gradual loss of peripheral field of vision

30
Q

What is Glaucoma?

A
  • Optic neuropathy/nerve damage typically associated with raised IOP
  • Classification: open or closed angle, chronic or acute
31
Q

What are the clinical features of Glaucoma?

A
  • Raised IOP
  • Visual field defects
  • Optic disc damage
32
Q

What is the management of Glaucoma?

A
  • Topical treatment: Acetazolamide (reduce IOP), Pilocarpine (constrictor eye drops (miotics) -> pulls iris away from trabecular meshwork)
  • Surgery (trabeculectomy) = gold standard
33
Q

What are the symptoms of Age-related Macular Degeneration?

A
  • Progressive loss of central vision

- Distorsion

34
Q

What are the clinical features of Age-related Macular Degeneration?

A
  • Distorsion on Amsler chart
  • Drusen
  • Pigment epithelial changes
35
Q

What is the pathology of Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration?

A
  • Drusen deposits between the pigment epithelial layer of the retina and Bruch’s membrane
  • Atrophy
36
Q

What is the management of Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration?

A
  • Low vision aids
  • Registration
  • > (as partial or full sight impairment on CVI)
37
Q

What is the pathology of Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration?

A

New choroidal vessel formation

-> abnormal blood vessels which are more prone to leak fluid or blood into the macula

38
Q

What are the investigations for Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration?

A
  • OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) (gold standard) -> macular oedema
  • Fluorescein Angiography
39
Q

What is the management of Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration?

A
  • Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections
  • Low vision aids
  • Registration
  • > (as partial or full sight impairment on CVI)
40
Q

What are the investigations for Diabetic Retinopathy?

A
  • Fluorescein Angiography

- OCT

41
Q

What is the management of Diabetic Retinopathy?

A
  • Intravitreal anti-VEGF (if macular oedema)
  • Laster - panretinal photocoagulation
  • Low vision aids
  • Registration
  • > (as partial or full sight impairment on CVI)

H+N and Dermatology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions