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Final - Patho - Neuro/Psych > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

where does the aqueous humor originate

A

ciliary body of posterior chamber

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2
Q

what is aqueous humor

A

clear, watery fluid

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3
Q

where does the aqueous humor drain

A

into the nervous system through canal of schlemm

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4
Q

*what is important to note about aqueous humor

A

production has to match outflow

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5
Q

what happens if pressure from aqueous humor builds

A

destruction of the optic nerve

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6
Q

patho of aqueous humor

A

originate in ciliary body of posterior chamber - flows thru the pupil into the anterior chamber

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7
Q

what is the role of the aqueous humor

A

nourishes/bathes whole part of the eye

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8
Q

visual pathway crosses at

A

optic chiasm

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9
Q

with a left sided stroke which eye would be effected

A

opposite side is effected - right eye

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10
Q

light passes through the eye through these structures

A

cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor

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11
Q

structures must be clear for light to pass through, t or f

A

true

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12
Q

what conditions effect clarity of vision

A

cataracts, cornea abrasion

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13
Q

2 types of conjunctiva

A

bulbar - palpebral

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14
Q

what is conjunctiva

A

transparent mucous membrane covering inner surface of eyelid (palpebral) - extends over sclera (bulbar) - forming a pocket under eyelid -

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15
Q

conjunctiva that covers inner surface of eyelid

A

papebral

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16
Q

conjunctiva that extends over the sclera

A

bulbar

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17
Q

glands in conjunctiva secrete what

A

mucous and tears

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18
Q

what is sclera

A

the white of the eyes - shell which protects

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19
Q

how to communicate w/pt who is visually impaired

A

normal tone of voice - doesn’t mean they are deaf

use clock when offering food

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20
Q

what is the sighted guide technique for visual impairment

A

slightly to front - holding elbow - describe environment

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21
Q

what do you NOT want to do to environment w/visual impairment

A

change things around

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22
Q

dx studies of visual impairment

A

refractometry
ultrasonography
fluorescein angiography
amsler grid

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23
Q

what happens during refractometry

A

looking through lens (which looks clearer?)

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24
Q

what happens in fluorescein angiography

A

inject dye to look at vessels

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25
Q

when would you see fluorescein angiography used

A

retinopathy

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26
Q

when would you see amsler grid used

A

macular degeneration

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27
Q

what is myopia

A

near-sighted

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28
Q

what is hyperopia

A

far-sighted

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29
Q

what is astigmatism

A

cornea is uneven - light rays are bent right

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30
Q

what is presbyopia

A

normal aging of the eye - seen in elderly - lose ability to accommodate (focus)

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31
Q

what are refractive errors

A

myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia

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32
Q

uncorrectable visual impairments

A

total/functional blindness (legally blind), partially sighted

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33
Q

what is functional blindness

A

some light perception w/no usable vision

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34
Q

total/functional blindness are both legally blind, t or f

A

true

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35
Q

what is total blindness

A

no light perception, no usable vision

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36
Q

is partially sighted considered legally blind

A

no

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37
Q

to be classified legally blind you must meet this criteria

A

visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in better eye

visual field no > than 20 degrees in better eye

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38
Q

what does 20/200 vision mean

A

what a person can see at 20ft you can see at 200 ft

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39
Q

eye trauma types

A

non penetrating
contusion
abrasion

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40
Q

how would we treat a corneal abrasion

A

patch - cold compress - Tylenol

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41
Q

how would we trt penetrating eye injury

A

shield - refer to ophthalmology specialist - DON’T PULL IT OUT

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42
Q

how would we trt a splash injury to the eye

A

flush it - irrigate for 15-20 min (lukewarm or norm. saline)

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43
Q

what is hyphema

A

blunt trauma to the eye - blood covers eye

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44
Q

hyphema usually goes away on its own, t or f

A

true

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45
Q

retinal detachment is often described as a

A

curtain covering the eye

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46
Q

another term for external sty

A

hordeolum

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47
Q

how does a hordeolum present

A

red, swollen, tender

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48
Q

how do we treat hordeolum (sty)

A

warm compresses - Tylenol

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49
Q

if a sty gets worse what should we do

A

refer to ophthalmologist for trt. (antibiotic)

50
Q

another term for an internal sty

51
Q

how do we treat chalazion (internal sty)

A

warm compresses - OR for surgical removal

52
Q

infections of the eye

A

blepharitis - conjunctivitis - keratitis

53
Q

what is blepharitis

A

inflammation of the lid margin

54
Q

trt for blepharitis

A

lubricating eye drops

55
Q

what is conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva

56
Q

trt for conjunctivitis

A

allergic (allergy med) - antibiotic eye drops

57
Q

what are the 3 different types of conjunctivitis

A

allergic, viral, bacterial

58
Q

important teaching for conjunctivitis

A

wash your hands - don’t touch your eye - avoid make-up - don’t wear contact lenses - don’t share wash rags

59
Q

what is keratitis

A

inflammation/infection of the cornea

60
Q

common dry eye disorder commonly found in elderly and those with lupus or scleroderma

A

keratoconjunctivits sicca “sand in eye”

61
Q

trt for keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

artificial tears/ointment

62
Q

what is strabismus

A

pt can’t focus both eyes - wandering eye

63
Q

what part of the eye is affected in strabismus

A

the muscle is weakened

64
Q

trt of strabismus in children

A

corrective lenses - patch for good eye - surgery

65
Q

in adults strabismus is usually caused by

A

palsy of cranial nerves 3, 4, or 6

66
Q

primary complaint in adult strabismus

A

double vision - diplopia

67
Q

new trt for strabismus

A

botox injected into muscle of the eye

68
Q

pt complains of windshield glare, abnormal color perception and decreased vision what do you suspect

A

cataracts - lens becomes opaque

69
Q

another name for age related cataracts

A

senile cataract

70
Q

congenital factor that causes cataracts in kids

A

maternal rubella

71
Q

long term use of steroids can cause

72
Q

diabetics are very prone to cataracts, t or f

73
Q

trt of cataracts

A

conservative (non- surgical)

surgical

74
Q

non-surgical methods to trt cataracts

A

magnifying glass/chg prescriptions

75
Q

surgical treatment for cataracts

A

phacoemulsification - break up cataract - suck it out - replace lens

76
Q

does pt have pain post phacoemulsification

A

no - red flags with pain/drainage

77
Q

what to teach pt post phacoemulsification

A

don’t rub eye - use shield when sleeping - don’t lift anything heavy

78
Q

what is retinopathy

A

micro-vascular damage to the retina

79
Q

early retinopathy presents like this

A

tiny pinpoint hemorrhages or small infarcts “cotton wool spots”

80
Q

non proliferative retinopathy presents like this

A

capillary micro aneurisms - exudate - hemorrhage

81
Q

retinopathy becomes proliferative retinopathy when pt is

A

not controlling blood pressure/diabetes

82
Q

what happens when pt develops proliferative retinopathy - what do they form

A

new vessels (fragile/leak)

83
Q

**biggest risk factor for retinopathy

A

hyperglycemia - tight glucose control

84
Q

***most common diagnosis in eye exam

A

type II diabetes

85
Q

trt of retinopathy

A

argon laser

meds that restrict new vessels from forming

86
Q

pt complains of light flashes, floaters, ring in field of vision, curtain came over field of vision what do you suspect

A

retinal detachment

87
Q

what happens in retinal detachment

A

separation of neuro-sensory retina from pigment epithelium

88
Q

most common cause of retinal detachment

A

aging - vitreous shrinks (gel-like substance)

89
Q

are floaters always an indication of retinal detachment

90
Q

caring for pt w/suspected or confirmed retinal detachment

A

lay down - don’t lift - limit activity

91
Q

pt complains of central vision loss, blurred/darkened vision, scotoma, metamorphopsia what do you suspect

A

macular degeneration

92
Q

what is a scotoma

A

blind spot in visual field

93
Q

what is metamorphopsia

A

distorted vision

94
Q

major risk factor for macular degeneration

A

family history - nutritional factors

95
Q

2 types of macular degeneration

A

dry (non-exudate) and wet (exudate)

96
Q

what causes macular degeneration

97
Q

what happens in dry (non-exudate) macular degeneration

A

atrophy and degeneration of macula (clear vision of eye)

98
Q

what happens in wet (exudate) macular degeneration

A

formation of new vessels, leak causing loss of sight

99
Q

how/when does wet macular degeneration occur

A

rapid onset, ***always comes after dry

100
Q

trt for macular degeneration

A

laser
photo-dynamic therapy
*vitamins
*stop smoking

101
Q

once vision is affected can it improve w/macular degeneration

A

not usually

102
Q

pt complains of peripheral vision loss, IOP (increased ocular pressure), optic nerve atrophy what do you suspect

103
Q

2nd leading of cause of permanent blindness in the US

104
Q

***is blindness from glaucoma preventable

A

yes - get pressure measured and treated

105
Q

patho of glaucoma

A

balance of aqueous humor is off causing IOP

106
Q

primary glaucoma usually occurs without

A

an identifiable cause - usually 65> - can be congenital

107
Q

most common type of glaucoma

A

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

108
Q

when outflow occurs its called

A

angle of the eye

109
Q

secondary glaucoma is usually caused by

A

eye trauma

110
Q

the angle of the eye is where the

A

iris meets the cornea

111
Q

patho of open angle glaucoma

A

drainage channels become clogged (at angle of eye) - aqueous humor can’t drain out (reduction in outflow)

112
Q

patho of closed angle glaucoma

A

bulging lens pushes forward blocking the canal of schlemm

113
Q

manifestations of open angle glaucoma

A

**only symptom peripheral vision loss, develops slowly

114
Q

acute closed angle closure is an emergency, t or f

115
Q

manifestations of acute closed angle glaucoma

A

headache with n/v - pain around the eye - halo around lights - reddened/nonreactive pupil - will go blind w/o trt

116
Q

normal IOP

A

10-21 mm Hg

117
Q

unrelieved pressure r/t glaucoma causes blindness, t or f

118
Q

IOP w/closed angle glaucoma

A

> 49 mm Hg

119
Q

IOP w/open angle glaucoma

A

22-32 mm Hg

120
Q

care/trt for open-angled glaucoma

121
Q

care/trt for acute closed-angled glaucoma

A

osmotic agents

*OR - iridectomy (keyhole surgery) - usually trt both eyes

122
Q

if someone goes to surgery with artificial eye (enucleation) what must you do

A

take the eye out

Final - Patho - Neuro/Psych (14 decks)

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