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BIO-168 Anatomy and physiology > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Which does the outer, fibrous layer of the eye contain?

A

sclera (white part)
cornea (window of the eye)

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2
Q

What does middle, Vascular tunic or layer contain?

A
  1. choroid-pigmented
  2. ciliary body-suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place
  3. Iris- “colored” and surrounds pupil (hole)
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3
Q

What does the inner, neural tunic or layer contain?

A

-pigmented layer of retina
*retina = photoreceptors
inter most layers = rods and cones
-optic disc = blind spot (lacks photoreceptors
-macula lutea with fovea antralis

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4
Q

what gland produces tears?

A

Lacrimal gland

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5
Q

What is the opening in center of the iris?

A

Pupil

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6
Q

what focuses light on retina and performs accommodation to view close-up objects?

A

Lens

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7
Q

which structure contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)?

A

Retina

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8
Q

What is clear, anterior portion of fibrous layer that constantly refracts light waves coming into the eye?

A

Cornea

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9
Q

What is the pigmented area around the pupil; controls amount of light entering eye?

A

Iris

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10
Q

What is the portion of external ear made of elastic cartilage?

A

Auricle/ Pinna

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11
Q

What is the term for the bones of middle ear?

A

Ossicles

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12
Q

What is the portion of the inner ear that houses receptors for hearing?

A

Cochlea

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13
Q

What tube connects pharynx (throat) and tympanic cavity?

A

Auditory or Eustachian tube

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14
Q

What segment of the eye is
-Filled with jelly-like vitreous humor
-helps focus light on retina
-supports & helps maintain shape of eyeball
-holds retina in place against choroid

A

Posterior Segment (larger)

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15
Q

What divides the eye into an anterior and posterior segment?

A

Lens & Ciliary body

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16
Q

What segment is
Divided further into:
-Anterior Chamber: anterior to iris
-Posterior Chamber: posterior to iris and anterior to lens
-Filled with Aqueous Humor

A

Anterior Segment (smaller)

17
Q

What is called when production exceeds drainage, excess fluid puts pressure on retina & optic nerve?

A

Glaucoma
May lead to blindness if not treated

18
Q

What happens to the pupil in bright light?

A

In bright light (pupil gets smaller) - circular, sphincter fibers contract & pupil constricts to reduce amount of light entering eye. (PSNS function)

19
Q

What happens to the pupil in dim light?

A

In dim light (pupil gets bigger)
– radial, dilator fibers contract to pull pupil open to increase amount of light entering through pupil. (SNS function).

20
Q

What does your pupil do when you view close up objects?

A

Pupils constrict

21
Q

Contraction/relaxation of muscles of ciliary body can cause lens to change shape to focus light on retina is called what?
Increase in thickness increases refraction of light passing thru the lens.

A

Accommodation

22
Q

What absorbs photons to prevent light from scattering within eye; important for high acuity vision; also produces Vitamin A?

A

Pigments in choroid

23
Q

What lines the posterior chamber of eye from ora serrata to optic nerve?

A

Neural Layer

24
Q

What is single cell thick; lines posterior chamber?

A

Pigmented layer of Retina

25
Q

What are the two types of Photoreceptors?
One is (sensitive to dim light) &
the other is (3 types; high-acuity color vision)

A

Rods and Cones

26
Q

Which cells pass nerve signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells?

A

Bipolar Cells

27
Q

Which cell axons of ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion Cells

28
Q

What are axons of optic nerve exit eye; lacks photoreceptors; aka “Blind Spot”?

A

Optic Disc

29
Q

What are more numerous (> 100 M); distributed throughout peripheral retina; sensitive to dim light; blurry vision due to convergent pathways?

A

Rods

30
Q

What have only 10M; concentrated in fovea centralis; provide high-acuity color vision when stimulated by high-intensity light; unique pathways (one-for-one between cones, bipolar cells and ganglion cells)?

A

Cones

31
Q

Pathways of Light through the eye:
Lens
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
Fovea centralis of retina.

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Aqueous humor
  3. Lens
  4. Vitreous humor
  5. Fovea centralis of retina.
32
Q

What occurs when we move from dim to bright light?
Rods become inactive; cones are initially overstimulated. After a few minutes, use of photopsins reaches equilibrium with regeneration and vision recovers.

A

Light Adaptation

33
Q

What occurs when we move from well-lit areas to the dark?
-Cannot see well initially because:
-light levels are too low to stimulate cones;
-rods are still photobleached
-Rhodopsin slowly begins to accumulate once out of bright light; vision slowly improves (over hours)

A

Dark Adaptation

BIO-168 Anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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