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M4 Stuff > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Types of true strabismus

A

Esotropia(eye turned inward)
Exotropia(eye turned outward)
Hypertropia(eye turned superiorly)

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2
Q

Causes of strabismus

A

Refractive errors(most common)
Problems with extra ocular muscles
Problems with CN3,4,6
Problems with part of brain controlling extra ocular movements

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3
Q

Causes of leukocoria

A

Corneal opacification
Cataracts,congenital or acquired
Retinoblastoma
Retinopathy of prematurity

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4
Q

Causes of floaters(incomplete)

A

Retinal detachment, posterior vitreous detachment, vitreous hemorrhage,

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5
Q

Most common type of conjunctivitis and it’s causative pathogen

A

Viral conjunctivitis, caused by adenovirus

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6
Q

Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis

A

Itching, conjunctival chemosis, eyelid edema and watery/mucoid discharge

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7
Q

Causative agents of allergic conjunctivitis

A

Dust, mold, pollen, spores and animal dander

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8
Q

Causative agents of hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

A

Coxsackie 24 and enterovirus

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9
Q

HSV viral conjunctivitis concerning complication

A

Involvement of the cornea(keratitis) which can lead to scarring and opacity

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10
Q

Treatment for a stye

A

Warm compress

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11
Q

Signs of HSV conjunctivitis

A

Skin lesions: herpetic skin vesicular eruption
Palpable pre auricular nose

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12
Q

Common causative pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Staph aureus, staph epidermidis, strep pneumo, moraxella catarrhalis, pseudomonas

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13
Q

Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis(excluding gonococcal)

A

Usually self limiting but topical floroquinolones/polymyxin B/trimethoprim can be used to reduce contagion and disease duration

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14
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorium definition and causative organisms

A

Conjunctivitis within 4 weeks after birth of infant

Dangerous: N gonorrhea,HSV

Less dangerous: Chlamydia Trachomatidis

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15
Q

Mx of chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Oral erythromycin or clarythromycin

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16
Q

Mx of gonococcal conjunctivitis

A

Parenteral ceftriaxone 25-50/mg/kg

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17
Q

Mx of HSV conjunctivitis and ophthalmia neonatorium

A

Full assessment for disseminated HSV infection including PCR and Lumbar puncture to check for CNS involvement

Mx with IV acyclovir and topical antivirals regardless of absence of disseminated infection

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18
Q

How to administer eye drops to young children

A

Drop the eye drops onto the eyelid above the eye and let them drip in

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19
Q

Tool for measuring intraocular pressure for glaucoma

A

Goldmann tonometry

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20
Q

Mx of acute angle closure glaucoma

A

IV carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Topical timolol
Topical pilocarpine
Topical brimonidine

Definitive:peripheral laser Iridotomy

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21
Q

Definitive management of Closed/Narrow angle glaucoma

A

PLI(Peripheral Laser Iridotomy)

22
Q

Definitive Mx of open angle glaucoma

A

Laser Trabeculectoplasty

23
Q

Interim mx of narrow angle glaucoma

A

Pilocarpine
Acetazolamide(carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
Beta blockers

???

24
Q

Red flags in a red eye case

A

1.Profound visual loss
2. Significant eye pain
3. Unilateral red eye
4. Purulent eye discharge
5. Positive RAPD
6. Hypopyon
7.Hazy or opaque cornea
8. Increased IOP

25
Q

What do giant/cobblestone papillae suggest

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

26
Q

Causes of Corneal staining

A
  1. Bacterial keratitis
  2. Herpes Simplex Keratitis
  3. Angle closure attack
27
Q

Main pathogen that causes blepharitis

A

Staphylococcus

28
Q

Causes of RAPD

A
  1. Acute angle closure
  2. Optic neuritis
  3. Orbital cellulitis
29
Q

Mx of Orbital cellulitis

A

Immediate referral, admission of IV Abx, need CT scan and often surgical intervention

30
Q

Cx of orbital cellulitis

A

Optic nerve compression
Subperiosteal or orbital abscess
Meningitis
Cavernous Sinus thrombosis

31
Q

Conjunctivitis red flags

A

Contact lens user
painful
poor vision
purulent discharge
corneal changes
prolonged course >1 week

32
Q

Common pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

staph aureus
staph epidermidis
strep pneumo
HIB

33
Q

Are acid or alkali more dangerous in eye chemical injury

A

Alkali

34
Q

RFs for fungal keratitis

A

Trauma, immunocompromise or topical steroid use

35
Q

RFs for bacterial keratitis

A

Trauma, contact lens use

36
Q

Sings of HSV keratitis

A
  1. Decreased corneal sensation
  2. Dendritic corneal ulcer
  3. Geographic amoeboid ulcer
37
Q

Mx of HSV keratitis

A

Topical acyclovir for 10-14 days, 5x a day

38
Q

common pathogens causing bacterial keratitis

A

staph aureus, strep pyogenes, strep pneumo and pseudomonas

39
Q

RFs of bacterial keratitis

A

Contact lens, trauma, chronic corneal disease and prev ocular surgery

40
Q

Signs and Sx of bacterial keratitis

A

Sx: Pain, discharge, decreased vision, photophobia
Signs: Conjunctival injection, edema, ulcers or hypopyon

41
Q

Mx of bacterial keratitis

A

topical broad spectrum abx eg gentamicin and cefazolin, systemic abx if sclera involved

42
Q

Common causative agent of fungal keratitis

A

Candida

43
Q

Mx of fungal keratitis

A

Topical and systemic antifungals

44
Q

RFs for endophthalmitis

A

Trauma, immunocompromise, ocular surgery

45
Q

MX of endophthalmitis

A

Vitreous tap
Intra vitreal, topical and systemic Abx
KIV vitrectomy if vision is worse than HM

46
Q

Causes of Anterior uveitis

A
  1. Idiopathic
  2. Local causes: Tumor, Infection, Trauma, Lens related
  3. Systemic inflammatory diseases eg IBD, Reiters, sarcoidosis, JIA, Ankylosing Spondylitis
47
Q

Sx of Scleritis

A

Severe pain waking patient from sleep, watering, photophobia, violaceous appearance

Sight threatening

48
Q

Etiology of scleritis

A

Often systemic connective tissue disease eg Rheumatoid arthritis

49
Q

Mx of scleritis

A

Treat underlying systemic condition, nsaids, corticosteroids, immunomodulation

50
Q

Mx of chemical injury to eye

A

Copious irrigation, lubricants, topical steroids, tertracycline abx, Vit C PO, +- surgical mx

51
Q

Risk factors for Retinal Vein Occlusion

A

Same as usual VTE

Hypercoagulable state: Malignancy, Prothrombotic disorders, COCPs
Endothelial damage: Trauma or Iatrogenic
Stasis: surgery, immobility

52
Q

Triad of ocular signs in chronic glaucoma

A
  1. Raised intra ocular pressure
  2. Visual field defect
  3. Optic disc cupping

M4 Stuff (11 decks)

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