Extras Flashcards
The Limbic System
Forebrain
- Diencephalon
> thalamus
> hypothalamus
- involved in motivation, learning and memory
Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Telencephalon (on Top) is superior
- contains the cerebrum
Diencephalon
- contains the Thalamus and the Hypothalamus (limbic system)
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
(substantia nigra)
- motor function
- sensory circuits
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
- respiration and movement
Left vs Right hemispheres
Left
- language and logic
Right
- spatial perception
Lobes of the brain
Frontal
- executive function and motor performance
Temporal
- auditory function
- memory
Parietal
- sensory skills
Occipital
- visual function
Corpus Callosum
bundle of fibres that connects the hemispheres
Areas of the brain involved in sensory processing
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Neurotransmitter-Receptor combination at the synapse between inner hair cells of the ear and the afferent auditory nerve
Glutamate -> AMPA
Visual transduction pathway
- photon stimulates pigment in the rod
- activates Rhodopsin
- binds to Transducin which removes from GDP and binds to GTP
- activated Transducin activates PDE which reduces cGMP
- causing closure of cation channels and less NT release
PDE = phosphodiesterase cGMP = cyclic GMP
Dark current
EEG frequency bands
Delta (0-4Hz)
- large delta amplitude is associated with sleep
- found in frontal areas
Theta (4-8Hz)
- linked to maximal alertness and altered states of consciousness, such as meditation
- found widespread in the brain
Alpha (8-13Hz)
- mental effort is associated with decreased alpha amplitudes, increased alpha is associated with relaxation
- posterior regions such as the parietal and occipital cortices
Beta (13-30Hz)
- beta waves are reduced by motor movement
- most present in the frontal locations
Gamma (30+ Hz)
- gamma waves are linked to cognition
- found across the somatosensory cortex
Techniques that can examine the structure of the brain
- Cresyl violet staining
- Retrograde tracing
- Anterograde tracing
- Immunohistochemistry
Paying attention to a part of the body
- activates left and right parietal cortices
Visuo-Spatial neglect
- when drawing items from memory, they are complete
Hippocampus
- encoding in LTM
Social Working Memory
- short term memory used for social purposes i.e. conversation
- SWM has procedural and neural overlap with attention
Syntactic Recursion
we don’t need to learn words through association, we can learn new sentences we have no experience of
Phonomic Restoration Effect
- the sound of the word alone is not what we use to determine meaning, we also take into account the context
Protopagnosia
inability to recognise faces
Lateral Occipital Complex
large area of the ventral stream of the visual association cortex that responds to a large variety of objects and shapes
Duality of Patterning
identical morphemes can be rearranged to create new meaning
Infinite Generative Capacity
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Semantic Coding
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McGurk Effect
We often bias our perception to visual sensory input
