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Rhcsa > EXTRAS > Flashcards

EXTRAS Flashcards

1
Q

mount an ISo

A

mount -o loop media.iso /media

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2
Q

Set same SELinux context for a directory

A

chcon -R –reference=/var/www/html/ /var/www/html/inst

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3
Q

FTP and http file location

A

vsftp server is /var/ftp/pub

HTML is /var/www/html

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4
Q

example setting up a VSFTP server and upload DVD installation

A 
#yum install vsftpd
#service vsftpd start
test that you can connect to ftp://127.0.0.1
#chkconfig vsftp on
# mkdir /var/ftp/pub/inst   -> create directory to copy files
#mount -ro loop download.iso /media   -> use iso or DVD
#mount /dev/cdrom /media    -> mount dvd
# cp -ar /media/. /var/ftp/pub/inst
#chcon -R -t public_content_t /var/ftp/   -recursively set SELinux context
#service vsftpd restart
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5
Q

add/remove software tool is located

A

System -> administration -> add/Remove Software

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6
Q

List of packages needed for virtualization

A

qemu-kvm - the main kvm package
python-virtinst - command line tools and libraries for creating VMS
virt-manager - GUI VM administration tool
virt-top - command for VM statistics
virt-viewer - GUI connection to configure VMs
libvirt - c language toolkit with the libvirtd service
libvirt-client - c language toolkit for VM client

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7
Q

check if the right VM modules are located

A 
#lsmod | grep kvm
output should return either kvm-intel or kvm-adm
if the output is different or no output run this command to add:
#modprobe kvm
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8
Q

virt-install

A 
You can also use the virt-install --prompt command to set virtual machines, just enter information as asked such as RAM, CPU, and so forth
# virt-install --prompt
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9
Q

virt-install to install a VM with a kickstart file

A

The virt-install –prompt command can be used to install from a kickstart. Example
# virt-install -n outside1.example.org -r 768 –dis \
path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/outsider1.example.org.img \
-l ftp://192.168.122.1/pub/inst \
-x “ks=ftp://192.168.122.1/pub/ks1.cfg”

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10
Q

switches for the virt-install command

A
  • n (–name) sets the name of a VM
  • r (–ram) configures the amount of RAM in MB
  • -disk defins the virtual disk
  • l (–location) specifies the directory or URL wit hthe installation files
  • x (–extra-args=) includes extra data, such as the url of a kickstart file.
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11
Q

virt-clone –prompt

A

the virt-clone –prompt command can be used t oclone an existing VM. Make sure the system to be cloned is shutdown.

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12
Q

Tools of interest for administrative purposes

A
  • telnet and nmap to verify remove access to open ports
  • mutt as an email client to verify the functionality of an email server
  • elinks as a web browser to make sure web services are accessible
  • lftp to access ftp servers with command completion
#telnet localhost 21
# nmap localhost
#mutt -f pop://username@host
  you can also use the mail command as:
$mail Michael
subject: test
cc: marth@example.com
$mail -s 'host file' < /etc/hosts root@localhost
$elinks http://127.0.0.1/inst
$lftp ftp.example.org -u frany
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13
Q

lftp standard commands

A

cd - changes the current working directory at the remote host
ls - list files at the remote host
get - retrieve one file from the remote host
mget - retrieve a group of files from the remote host
put - uploads one file from your computer to remote host
mput - uploads a group of files to remote host
pwd - list current working directory to the remote host
quit - ends the FTP session
!ls - list files on your host computer in the current directory
!cd - change the local host directory fur upload/download
!pwd - list current working directory on local host computer

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14
Q

The Alias command examples

A 
some alias command examples:
#alias cp='cp -i'
#alias l.='ls -d .* --color-=auto'
#alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
#alias rm='rm -i'
#alias rm ='mv -t ~/.trash'
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15
Q

the locate command database

A

the locate command database is normally updated only once each day base on this cron /etc/cron.daily/mlocate.cron (might have to manually run)

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16
Q

Specialized variations on the vi command:

A 
vipw  - edit /etc/passwd
vigw - edit /etc/group
visudo - etdit /etc/sudoers
vipw -s - edit /etc/shadow
vigr -s - edit /etc/gshadow
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17
Q

arp command

A

The arp command displays a table of hardware and IP addresses on the local computer. ARP can help detect problem such as duplicate addresses on the network

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18
Q

displaying routing table

A 
#netstat -r  -> displays routing table, similar to route
#route -n  -> similar to #netstat -rn
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19
Q

get dhcp info

A

dhclient eth0

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20
Q

two tools that can be used to configure network devices:

A

System-config-network -GUI
nm-connection-edit - GUI command line
System-preferences-network connections

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21
Q

check DNS server

A 
if in doubt about whether the DNS server is operational:
#dig @192.168.122.1 mheducation.com
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22
Q

default umask

A

The default umask is driven by the /etc/bashrc file

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23
Q

remount a file system

A

mount -o remount /home

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24
Q

common ports

A 
21 - FTP
22 - secure shell (SSH)
23 - telnet
25 - SMTP
53 - DNS
80 - http
88 - kerberos
110 - pop
139 - netbios
143 - IMAP
443 - https
993 - IMAP over SSL
2049 - NFS4
995 - POP over SSL
69 - TFTP
139 & 445 as well as UDP 137 & 138 - SAMBA
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25
Q

diagnose error when running semanage login -l

A 
#yum whatprovides /usr/sbin/semanage
#yum -y install policycoreutils-python
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26
Q

options for SELinux user roles

A
  • guest_u no GUI, no networking, no access to the SU or sudo command
  • xguest_u GUI, networking only via the firefox web browser
  • user_u GUI and networking available
  • staff_u GUI, networking, and the sudo command available
  • unconfined_u Full system access
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27
Q

tools to search /var/log/audit

A 
#ausearch -m avc -c sudo
#sealert -a /var/log/audit/audit.log
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28
Q

other facl command

A 
#getfacl file | setfacl --set-file = - file2  -> copy acl from file1 to file2
#getfacl --access dir | setfacl -d -M-dir  -> copy the access acl into the default ACL
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29
Q

GRUB common errors

A

error 15: file not found - the partition was mounted; the kernel was not found on that partition. Cause: root(hdx,y) directive does not point to the partition with /boot directory
ERROR 17: cannot mount selected partition: the partition is not formatted to a filesystem with files. Cause: the root(hdx,y) directive points to a partition formatted to a system such as linux swap
ERRO 22: no such partition: there is no partition specified by the root (hdx,y) directive.

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30
Q

list commands at group command line

A

To see a list of commands at the GRUB command line, press the tab key at the grub > prompt.
To find the grub.conf file (find the /boot directory)
grub > find /grub/grub.conf
Another way to find the /boot directory
grub > root
to confirm the location of grub.conf, run the cat command:
grub > cat (hd0,0) /grub/grub.conf

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31
Q

to see the files installed with a package

A

rpm -ql upstart

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32
Q

runlevel control commands

A

halt -> moves to runlevel 0
init -> manages the current runlevel(different from init daemon)
initctl -> controls the init daemon
poweroff -> moves to runlevel 0
runlevel -> list current and previous runlevel
telinit -> manages the current runlevel

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33
Q

parameters in /etc/sysconfig/init

A

The parameters in the /etc/sysconfig/init specify how the system looks and feels during the boot process

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34
Q

virtual consoles

A

virtual consoles are configured in files /etc/sysconfig/init and the /etc/init directory.

35
Q

System-config-services

A

Can also be used to start/stop services at boot. It’s a gui tool.

36
Q

ifconfig

A

Any changes made with the ifconfig command is temporary

37
Q

examples for the route command

A 
#route add default gw 192.168.122.1  > adding a default route
#route add default gw 0.0.0.0
#route add -net 192.168.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth1
-----> sets up a route to the noted network/subnet mask combination through the second ethernet device
38
Q

Netstat

A 
Netstat can do a lot more such as identifying open services on the local system
#netstat atnp
39
Q

adding an arp entry

A

arp -s buggy 00.00.00.cf.a1.33

40
Q

delete an arp entry

A

arp -d buggy

41
Q

/etc/sysconfig/network directives

A

**NETWORKING - > can be yes or no, to configure or not configure networking
NETWORKING_IPV6 -> can be yes or no for ipv6
NSDOMAIN -> set the name of NIS domain, if connected to a NIS network
**HOSTNAME -> set the hostname of the local computer (can be set by the DHCP server)
GATEWAY -> set the IP address for the gateway(can be set by the DHCP server)
GATEWAYDEV - > sets the network device, such as eth0, that this computer uses to reach a gateway. there’s no need fo rthis directive if there is only one network card.

42
Q

using the GUI network manager configuration tool

A 
You may need to first install the associated package:
#yum install NetworkManager-gnome
you can start GUI network connections tool
#nm-connection-editor
43
Q

Creating a swap partition example using fdisk

A 
#fdisk /dev/sdb
command (m for help): n
p
partition number(1-4): 1
first sector default:...
last sector:200MB
command(m for help): p
command(m for help): t
HEX code (type L to list codes): 82
command(m for help): w
when done follow by
#mkswap /dev/sdb1
#swapon /dev/sdb1
44
Q

set a partition to a different type in parted

A

(parted)set
partition number? 1
flag to Invert? lvm
new state? [on]/off on

45
Q

to see the swap space currently configured

A 
run the command:
#cat /proc/swaps
46
Q

checking a partition

A 
#umount /var
#fsck -t ext4 /dev/sda7
#mount /dev/sda7 /var
47
Q

disk utility GUI

A 
One graphical tool that you can use for storage management is the disk utility, which is available from the gnome-disk-utility package. To access from the command line
#palimpsest
48
Q

empty partition

A

For parted for a new empty partition, you need to create a label. You will get this message “unrecognized disk label” error; run first the mklabel command

(parted) mklabel msdos
(parted) mkpart

49
Q

formatting partitions

A 
-remember: for these command below, you need the appropriate partition
#mkfs.cramfs - create a compressed ROM filesystem
#mkfs.ext2 - formats a volume to the ext2 fs
#mkfs.ext3 - formats a volume to the ext3 fs
#mkfs.ext4 - formats a volume to the text4 fs
#mkfs.msdos -> or mkfs.vfat, or mkdosfs microsoft vfat, not bootable
#mkfs.exfs - formats a volume to the xfs fs
#mkswap - format a volume to the linux swap file system
50
Q

Physical volume Management commands

A

pvchange - changes attributes of a PV: the pvchange -x /dev/sda10 command disables the use of PEs from the /dev/sda10 partition
pvck - checks the integrity of a physical volume
pvcreate - initializes a disk or partition as a PV; the partition should be flagged with the LVM file type
pvdisplay - displays currently configured PVs
pvmove - moves PVs in a VG from the specified partition to free locations on other partitions; prerequisite to disabling a PE. one example: pvmove /dev/sdda10
pvremove : removes a give PV from a list of recognized volume: for example, pvremove /dev/sda0
pvresize - change the amount of a partition allocated to a PV. If you’ve expanded partition /dev/sda10, pvresize /devsda10 takes advantage of the additional space. Alternatively, pvresize –set physical volumesize 100M /dev/sda10 reduces the amount of PVs taken from that partition to the noted space
PVS - list configured PVs and the associated VGs, if so assigned
PVscan - similar to PVS with more details

51
Q

Volume group command

A

vgcfg backup - and vgcfg restore - backups up and restore the configuration file associated with LVMs, by default, they’re in /etc/lvm directory
vgchange - similar to pvchange, allows you to activate or deactivate a VG. for example, vgchange-a
vgck - checks the integrity of a volume group
vgconvert - supports conversions from LVM1 systems to LVM2. vgconvert - M2 volgroup00 converts volgroup00
vgcreate - creates a VG, from two or more configured PVs. for example vgcreate vgroup0 /dev/sda10 /dev/sda11 creates vgroup00 from PVs as defined on /dev/sda10 /dev/sda11
vgdisplay - displays characteristics of currently configured VGs
vgexport - and vgimport - exports & imports unused VGs from those available for LVs; the vgexport -a command exports all inactive VGs
vgextend - if you’ve created a new PV. vgextend vgroup00 /dev/sda11 adds the space from /dev/sda11 to vgroup00
vgmerge - if you have an unused vgroup01, you can merge it into vgroup00 with the following command. vgmerge vgroup00 vgroup01
vgmknodes - run this command if you have a problem with vg device files
vgreduce - the vgreduce vgroup00 /dev/sda11 command removes the /dev/sda11 PV from vgroup00, assuming sufficient free space is available
vgremove - removes a VG
vgrename - rename VGs
vgs - displays basic information on configured vgs
vgscan - scans and displays basic information on configured VGs
vgsplit - splits a volume gorup

52
Q

Logical volume commands

A

lvchange - similar to pvchange, changes the attributes of an LV. For example, lvchange -a n vgroup00/lvol00 command disables the use of the LV labeled lvol00
lvconvert - if there are sufficient available PVs, the lvconvert -ml vgroup00/lvol00 command mirrors the LV
lvcreate - creates a new LV in an existing VG. for example: lvcreate -l 200 volume01 -n lvol01 creates lvol01 from 200 extents in a VG named volume01
lvdisplay - displays currently configured LVs
lvextend - adds space to an LV. the lvextend -L 4G /dev/volume01/lvol01 command extends lvol01 to 4GB, assuming space is available
lvreduce: reduces the size of an LV; if there’s data in the reduced area, it is lost
lvremote - removes an active LV. the LVremove volume01/lvol01 command removes all lvol01 from
volume01
lvrename - renames an LV
lvresize - resizes an LV; can be done by -L for size. lvresize -L 4GB volume01/lvol01 changes the size of lvol01 to 4GB
lvs - lists all configured LVs
lvscan - scans for all active LVs

53
Q

LVM command installed(many exists, but only four are active)

A

LVM - brings you an LVM prompt to run other commands, type help to see a list
lvmconf - can modify the default settings in the related configuration file /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
lvmdiskscan - scans all available drives for LVM-configured partitions
lvmdump - sets up a configuration report in the root administrative user’s home directory(/root)

54
Q

To use the GUI logical volume management tool

A

yum install system-config-lvm

55
Q

Volume encryption with the linux unified key setup (LUKS)

A

LUKS works on a block level

LUKS-protected system requires either a passphrase or a keyfile

56
Q

encrypting a filesystem mounted on a specific directory

A 
You need the dm_crypt module
#lsmod | grep dm_crypt
if you don't see an output regarding dm_crypt run:
#modprobe dm_crypt
You'll need to install the cryptsetup-luks RPM package
#yum install cryptsetup-luks
57
Q

Create a LUKS-based filesystem with cryptsetup

A

cryptsetup luksformat /dev/sda1 -> first create a passphrase

  • once the partition is encrypted, it can’t be read. Before you can format it, it must be mapped
    First you need the UUID of the device. This command creates a UUID for the newly encrypted /dev/sda1 device:
    #cryptsetup luksUUID /dev/sda1 -> generates a UUID
    #cryptsetup luksopen /dev/sda uuid number
  • the mapped device should now appear in the /dev/mapper directory
    (instead of using a UUID you can use a word like test, unless required in the exam)
58
Q

find the UUID associated with a particular encrypted filesystem

A 
#dumpe2fs /dev/mapper/test | grep UUID
You can also use the blkld command to get the UUID
59
Q

mounting a luks formatted filesystem

A 
If the LUKS formatted filesystem /dev/mapper/test is to be mounted on the directory named /shared, you could add the following lines in /etc/cryptttab:
shared /dev/mapper/test   none
shared  UUID=uuidnumber none
-You can verify how partitions are actually mounted in the /etc/mtab
#cat /etc/mtab
60
Q

description of entries in /etc/fstab example

A 
/dev/dsa1 (device)
/home (mount point)
ext4 (fs format)
defaults(mount option)
0 0 ( Dump value followed by FS check order)
61
Q

dump value

A

Either 0 or 1. A value of 1 means that data is automatically saved to disk by the dump command when you exit Linux

62
Q

filesystem check order

A

Determines the order that filesystems are checked by fsck command during the boot process. The root directory(/) should be set to 1, and other local filesystems should be set to 2. Removable filesystems such as those associated with CD/DVD devices should be set to 0, which means they are not checked during the Linux boot process

63
Q

Mount command and /etc/fstab options

A

async - data is read and written asynchronously
utime - the inode associated with each file is updated each time the file is accessed
auto - searches through /etc/filesystem for the appropriate format for the partition; normally associated with Floppy or removable media
defaults - uses default mount options rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async
dev - permits access to character devices such as terminals or consoles and block devices such as drives
exec - allows binaries (compile programs) to be run on the File system
noatime - the inode associated with each file is not updated when accessed
noauto - requires explicit mounting common option for CD and floppy drives
nodev - devices on this Filesystem are not read or interpreted
noexec - binaries cannot be run on this filesystem
nosuid - disallows setuid or setgid permissions on this filesystem
nouser - only root users are allowed to mount the specified filesystem
remount - remounts a currently mounted filesystem also an option for the mount command
ro - mounts the filesystem as read-only
rw - mounts the filesystem as read/write
suid - allows setuid or setgid permissions on programs on this filesystem
sync - reads and writes are done at the same speed (synchronously) on this filesystem
user - allows non root users to mount this filesystem.

64
Q

List of virtual filesystems in /etc/fstab

A

tmpfs - a virtual memory filesystem that uses both RAM & swap space
devpts - filesystem relates to Pseudo - terminal devices
sysfs - filesystem provides dynamic info about system devices. Explore the associated /sys directory
proc - provides dynamically configurable options for changing the behavior of the kernel

65
Q

mount a cd/dvd

A

mount -t iso 9660 /dev/sr0 /mnt

66
Q

best option to mount nfs

A 
#mount -t nfs server1:/pub share fsmount nfs
or add to /etc/fstab
server1:pub  /share  nfs  rsize=8192,wsize=8192,time=14,intr,udp  00
67
Q

option for mounting samba directories

A

in /etc/fstab
//server/pub /share cifs rw,username=user,password=passd, 0 0
or
//server/pub /share cifs rw,credentials/etc/secret 0 0
then your /etc/secrent content:
username=user
password = password

68
Q

automount

A

default automounter settings are configured in /etc/sysconfig/autofs

  • the automount daemon also known as the automounter or autofs can automatically mount specific directories as needed.
  • the relevant confguration files are auto.master, auto.misc, auto.net, and auto.smb, all in the /etc/ directory
  • if you use the automounter, keep the /misc and /net directories free. you won’t even see the /misc and or /net directories unless you properly configure /etc/auto.master and the autofs daemon is running
69
Q

/etc/auto.master (content a series of comments with 3 default commands)

A

/misc /etc/auto.misc configuration file for this directory
/net -hosts -> allows you to specify the hosts to automount a network directory as specified in the /etc/auto.net
+auto.master
One example to mount
/shared /etc/auto.home

70
Q

yum-config-manager

A 
To get the full list of yum configuration directives and their current values, run the following command
#yum-config-manager
This command requires the installation of the yum-util package.
71
Q

additional yum commands

A 
#yum info samba  -> similar to #rpm -qi samba (query about samba
#yum erase package -> removes package
#yum whatprovides */*.repo
#yum grouplist  
#yum groupinfo "Remote desktop clients"
#yum group install groupPackage name
#yum group install "print server" -x paps -x gutenprint-cups -> exclude paps & gutenprint from being installed
#yum groupremove "Print Server"
#yum createrepo  -> helps you setup a local directory
#yum downloader cups
#yum-config-manager  -> can display all current settings for each repository as well as downloaded individual RPM packages
#yum downloader
72
Q

local access

A

local access is regulated in the /etc/security file

73
Q

to set a password for a group

A

gpasswd group

74
Q

configure a client as an LDAP client

A 
you can edit /etc/openldap/ldap.conf and add
URL ldap:127.0.0.1
HOST tester.example.com
BASE dc=example,dc=com
TLS_CACERTDIR /etc/openldap/cacerts
75
Q

The name service switch file

A 
/etc/nsswitch.conf, governs how a computer seachers for key files as password databases. It can be configured to look through LDAP and other server databases such as /etc/hosts
   hosts: files ldap dns
You can also add settings
passwd: files ldap
shadow: files ldap
group : files ldap
76
Q

VNC

A

vnc communication normally proceeds on port 5900, must be open to enable communication.
The gnome-base VNC server is known as vino. TigerVNC server, based on tightvnc server also exists

77
Q

Install vnc

A

yum install vinagre tigernc tigernc-server

once installed you can start the configuration proces in the /etc/sysconfig/vncservers file
- sample configuration directives
#VNCSERVERS=”2:myusername”
#VNCSERVERARGS[2]=”-geometry 800 X 600 -no listen tcp -localhost”

$vncserver:2 -geometry 640 x 400

78
Q

stop the vnc server

A

/etc/init.d/vncserver stop

79
Q

vnc gnome

A 
you can use the vncviewer command to connect to a vnc server
#vncviewer 192.168.122.1  :2
To use the GNOME-based vino server, after it's installed
#vino-preferences
80
Q

password protect grub

A 
First create an md5 passwd
#grub-md5-crypt
passwod:

Then edit /boot/grub/grub.conf under the timeout line in the main section enter
passwd –md5

81
Q

Setup NFS server and NFS partition

A 
#yum install nfs-utils nfs-utils-lib
#chkconfig nfs on 
#service rpcbind start
#service nfs start
#mkdir /shareFiles
#vi /etc/exports
enter
/shareFiles           tester1(rw,sync,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)
#exportfs -a
82
Q

Installing a Samba Server

A

yum install samba

add a user
#useradd visitor -s /sbin/nologin
set smb password
#smbpasswd -a visitor
make the directory to be shared
#mkdir /smbshare
change ownership directory
#chown -R visitor:root /smbshare
add this entry iinto /etc/samba/smb.conf
[smbshare]
comment = Share
path = /smbshare
writable = yes
valid users = shareuser
Start the smb service
#service smb start
add it at startup
#chkconfig --level 235 smb on
test that it works
#testparm
83
Q

setup ftp to only allow specific IPs

A

service vsftpd restart

#yum install -y vsftp*
#vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
verify that this is present or add:  tcp_wrappers=YES

In /etc/hosts.deny deny everyone for vsftpd :
vsftpd: ALL

Then, in /etc/hosts.allow add the authorized IPs :
vsftpd:192.168.0.39 192.168.0.50

Rhcsa (9 decks)

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