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DEVBIOL > Extraembryonic Membranes and Formation of Placental Complex > Flashcards

Extraembryonic Membranes and Formation of Placental Complex Flashcards

1
Q

what makes eem distinct

A

upon formation of 3 body folds (head, lateral, tail)

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2
Q

inner and outer layer of amnion

A

ecto (I) and eem (O)

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3
Q

inner and outer layer of chorion

A

eem (I) and ectoderm (O)

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4
Q

inner and outer layer of yolk sac

A

endoderm (I) and eem (O)

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5
Q

inner and outer layer of allantois

A

endoderm (I) and eem (O)

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6
Q

eem that are somatopleure in origin

A

amnion and chorion

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7
Q

eem that are splanchopleure in origin

A

yolk sac and allantois

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8
Q

development of chick embryo

A

oviparous

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9
Q

development of mammalian embryo

A

viviparous

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10
Q

how does placenta form

A

as chorionic villi > invade endometrium > breakdown maternal BVs > exchange and absorption of materials

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11
Q

what makes up the umbilical cord

A

connecting stalk, yolk stalk > housed by amnion

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12
Q

what separates ICM and trophoblast

A

amniotic cavity

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13
Q

yolk sac and function

A

1st to appear, grows over yolk mass
functions: makes yolk soluble materials, cell lining of endometrium bvs, hematopoiesis, PGCs

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14
Q

amnion and function

A

encloses amniotic cavity
protects embryo from adhesions and mechanical stress

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15
Q

chorion and function

A

chick: transport shell to embryo circulation > beak and skeleton & exchange of respi gases
mammals: respiration, filtration, HORMONE PRODUCTION

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16
Q

allantois and function

A

ventral wall of hindgutt
mesoderm fused with chorion (forming chorioallantoic membrane) and amnion
function: wastes and gas exchange
c - nitrogenous wastes
m - vascular network of placenta

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17
Q

function of chorioallantoic membrane

A

efficient respiratory structure

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18
Q

explain how yolk sac is formed

A

layer of mesodermal cells around edges of blastocyst > forms complete pouch (visible after 10d fertilization)

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19
Q

explain how amnion is formed

A

cells from blastodisc > migrates around a cavity separating ICM and trophoblast (amniotic cavity) and away from disc, moving between ectodermal lining of amniotic cavity

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20
Q

what forms the large part of the placenta

A

amnionic ectoderm, extraembryonic endoderm, yolk sac, extraembryonic mesoderm

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21
Q

explain formation of allantois

A

begins as outpocketing of the endoderm (hindgut) > tip grows toward the wall of blastocyst > surrounded by mesodermal cells

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22
Q

explain formation of chorion

A

mesoderm associated with allantois spread around blastocyst > mesoderm and trophoblast combination

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23
Q

what houses the blood vessels and allantois

A

chorionic and connecting stalk

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24
Q

this is the combination of the extraembryonic membrane and lining of the uterus;
the site of physiological exchange between mother and embryo

A

placenta

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25
furnished by extraembryonic membranes
fetal tissue
26
furnished by uterine endometrium
maternal tissue
27
fetal tissue is largely contributed by what extraembryonic membrane?
chorion
28
what are the types of placenta based on the degree of contact of placental components?
deciduous: villi are embedded, shedding and bleeding occurs, intimate contact non-deciduous: NO shedding and bleeding, villi NOT embedded, loose contact
29
type of placenta wherein the villi are spread our and greater part of chorion surface is associated with endometrium - example
diffused placenta ex: pig
30
type of placenta wherein the contact is restricted to the localized patches of villi - example of animal
cotyledonary ex:sheep, cow, deer
31
type of placenta wherein the contact involved girdlike band encircling the blastocyst; villi are arranged in transverse zones and penetrate uterine wall - example
zonary placenta - carnivores, cats, dogs
32
type of placenta wherein the contact is restricted to a disc or plate; villi form a disc that is intimately connected to the uterine wall - example
discoidal placenta - humans, rodents, rabbits
33
type of placenta with only 4 tissue layers
endotheliochorial
34
type of placenta with only 3 tissue layers
hemochorial
35
type of placenta with 6 tissue layers
epitheliochorial
36
type of placenta wherein the endometrial epithelium is removed at implantation; unusual type
syndesmochorial placenta
37
type of placenta with no maternal layers retained
hemochorial
38
type of placenta where the chorionic folds line the wrinkled surface of uterine epithelium
folded ex: swine
39
type of placenta where the chorion develops into villi
villous ex: primates ruminants
40
type of placenta where the feto-maternal space forms a network
labyrinthine ex. rodents
41
5 steps in the formation of placental complex
1. implantation 2. differentiation of trophoblast 3. formation of chorionic villi 4. decidual reaction 5. mature placenta
42
location of fertilization
ampulla of oviduct
43
what day is the implantation
day 7-10
44
location of implantation
lining of uterus
45
in the 4-5th day after fertilization, where is the blastocyst located
vicinity of the uterus
46
when the blastocyst is in the vicinity of the uterus, what is secreted?
hCG
47
what is responsible for the establishment and formation of the placenta?
endometrial surface
48
hormone that is secreted for PTs when the blastocyst is in the vicinity of uterus
hCG
49
hormone that downregulate hCG synthesis and upregulate TUN secretion
TGF-B and LIF
50
directs cytotrophoblast differentiation towards a hormonally-active syncytiotrophoblast phenotype
cAMP and hCG
51
this is secreted on the anchoring sites that mediates the attachment of the placenta to the uterus
TUN
52
gestational length of humans
280
53
at the point of contact of blastocyst with endometrium, what will proliferate?
trophoblast
54
trophoblast differentiates into?
inner cytotrophoblast and outer syncytiotrophoblast
55
differentiate inner cytotrophoblast and outer syncytiotrophoblast
cyto has distinct cellular boundaries while syncytio do not (continuous layer)
56
after further invasion of syncytriotrophoblast, what will form?
chorionic villi
57
process when trophoblast cells invades endometrium
placentation
58
villi with blood vessels
tertiary villi
59
base of chorion that gives rise to villi forms?
chorionic plate
60
what mostly makes up the chorionic plate?
extraembryonic mesoderm
61
with the extension of chorion and chorionic villi, what will start to invade intraembryonic area of chorion fusing with allantios duct
villous capillaries
62
site of exchange between fetus and mother
placenta
63
this is where gases and nutrients exchange
intervillous space
64
transformation of the stromal cells of the endometrium
decidual reaction
65
tissues that are shed at birth, made up of extraembryonic tissues + superficial layers of endometrial CT and epithelium
deciduum
66
the part lost at pregnancy or at menses, also the part around ectopic pregnancy
decidua
67
this is the actual site of implantation that lies between chorionic vesicle and uterine wall
decidua basalis
68
this forms a capsule around the chorionic vesicle
decidua capsularis
69
this is opposite to the site of actual implantation that consists of decidualized endometrium on the sides of uterus
decidua parietalis
70
what structure will be pushed against the wall and will fuse with decidua parietalis
decidua capsularis
71
smooth area of chorion that lacks villi; middle ply of amniotic sac
laeve
72
chorion attached to d. basalis; fetal portion of placenta
frondosum
73
superficial part of endometrium of pregnancy
d. capsularis (reflexa)
74
non implantation area of uterus; outer ply of amnion
d. parietalis (vera) pro gravid endo
75
endometrium of pregnancy beneath chorionic sa; supplies maternal blood to placenta
d. basalis (serotina)
76
cell type that will develop into the fetus
ICM
77
cell type that will develop into the placenta and external membranes
trophoblasts
78
in the process of implantation, blastocyst is first slowed down by long molecules called what?
mucin
79
in day 9 of implantation site, what surrounds the embryo at this stage?
inner mononuclear cytotrophoblast and outer multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast - vacuoles form > fused into lacunae (LACUNAR STAGE)
80
at what stage is the basic structure of placent formed? this is where spiral arteries and uterine veins, as well as chorionic villi are present
4 weeks
81
umbilical cord is enclosed by mesenchymal cells called
Whartons jelly
82
what induces oxytocin receptors on uterus (secreted from ovary)
estrogen
83
function of oxytocin?
stimulates uterus to contract stimulates placenta to make prostaglandins
84
function of prostaglandins
stimulate more contractions of uterus
85
differentiate the 2 type of twins in terms of placenta and membranes
* identical - 1 placenta (shared), and 1 outermembrane that envelopes both * fraternal - 2 different placenta and 2 separate amniotic sacs with own outermembrane each
86
hormones that maintains endometrial lining > maintains pregnancy
progesterone
87
hormone that maintains progesterone production until end of 1st trimester
human chorionic gonadotropin
88
hormone that influences growth, lactation, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
human placental lactogen (hPL)
89
3 main functions of placenta
1. physiological site of maternal-fetal exchange 2. works as endocrine gland; hormone synthesis 3. immunological barrier

DEVBIOL (3 decks)

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