Extracting Metals and Equilibria

Question 1

What is a reversible reaction

Answer 1

Where the products can react with each other to produce the original reactants

Question 2

What is the Haber Process

Answer 2

An industrial process used to form ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen

Question 3

Where is the nitrogen in the haber process obtained from

Answer 3

The air - it is 78% nitrogen

Question 4

Where is the hydrogen in the haber process obtained from

Answer 4

Hydrocarbons

Question 5

What are examples of hydrocarbons

Answer 5

• Natural gas
• Crude oil

Question 6

What temperature is the haber process carried out at

Answer 6

450 °C

Question 7

What pressure is the haber process carried out at

Answer 7

200 atmospheres

Question 8

What is the catalyst used in the haber process

Answer 8

Iron/Fe

Question 9

What happens to the reactants when they react

Answer 9

Their concentrations decrease

Question 10

What happens to the products when they are made

Answer 10

The reactants concentration increase

Question 11

What happens when the concentrations decrease

Answer 11

The forward reaction will slow down

Question 12

What happens when the concentrations increase

Answer 12

The backward reactions will speed up

Question 13

What happens after a while of the reversible reaction

Answer 13

The forwards and backward reactions will be going at the same rate

Question 14

What is it called when both reactions happen at the same rate

Answer 14

Equilibrium

Question 15

What happens at equilibrium

Answer 15

Both reactions are still happening, but there is no overall effect

Question 16

What happens at dynamic equilibrium

Answer 16

• The forward and backward reactions are happening at the same time and the same rate
• The concentrations of the reactants and products have balanced and won’t change

Question 17

How can equilibrium be reached

Answer 17

If the reversible reaction happens in a closed system

Question 18

What is a closed system

Answer 18

No reactants or products can escape

Question 19

What 3 things affect the position of equilibrium

Answer 19

• Temperature
• Pressure
• Concentration

Question 20

What are fertilisers used for

Answer 20

To replace the mineral ions needed by plants - promotes plant growth

Question 21

What are important elements in fertilisers

Answer 21

• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Potassium (K)

Question 22

What is Ammonium Nitrate an example of

Answer 22

A Nitrogen-rich fertiliser

Question 23

What is ammonium nitrate

Answer 23

A salt manufactured by reacting ammonia solution with dilute nitric acid

Question 24

How is ammonium nitrate manufactured

Answer 24

The Haber Process

Question 25

What is Nitric Acid manufactured by

Answer 25

Ammonia in stages

Question 26

What is Ammonium Sulfate an example of

Answer 26

A nitrogenous fertiliser

Question 27

How if Ammonium Sulfate made

Answer 27

In a lab by reacting ammonia solution with dilute sulfuric acid

Question 28

How is ammonia solution and dilute sulfuric acid obtained for lab prep

Answer 28

They are bought from chemical manufacturers

Question 29

What type of process is buying the substances

Answer 29

A batch process

Question 30

What is a batch process

Answer 30

A small amount is made, the apparatus is cleaned, and then another small amount is made

Question 31

Whats the downside to a batch process

Answer 31

It's difficult to automate

Question 32

How are substances made for industrial production

Answer 32

They are made from their raw materials

Question 33

What type of process is industrial production

Answer 33

A continous process

Question 34

What is a continous process

Answer 34

When the reactants are constantly fed into the reactors and products are removed

Question 35

When is a conitnous process stopped

Answer 35

Only rarely to maintain and clean the equipment

Question 36

What happens during dynamic equilibrium

Answer 36

- The forward and backward reactions still happen, and at the same rate - The concentrations of all reacting substances do not change

Question 37

What factors affect the position of dynamic equilibrium

Answer 37

- Temperature increased - Pressure increased (in a reaction involving gases) - Concentration (of a reacting substance) increased - Catalyst added

Question 38

How does a temperature increase affect the position of dynamic equilibrium

Answer 38

It moves the equilibrium in the direction of the endothermic reaction

Question 39

How does a pressure increase affect the position of dynamic equilibrium

Answer 39

The equilibrium moves to the side of the balanced equation with the fewer molecules

Question 40

How does a concentration increase affect the position of dynamic equilibrium

Answer 40

The equilibrium moves away from the reacting substance in the balanced equation

Question 41

How does a catalyst being added affect the position of dynamic equilibrium

Answer 41

There is no change

Question 42

How do chemical manufacturers make a profit

Answer 42

They choose reaction confitions that produce an acceptable product yield in an acceptable time

Question 43

What isn't allowed to happen to reactions to make a profit

Answer 43

- They aren't allowed to reach equilibrium - it isn't profitable if it takes years - They shouldn't choose conditions that are too expensive