EXTRA STUDYING Bio 101 Recap for final Flashcards
Why do scientists and engineers look to nature for design help?
Biomimicry
* The design and production of materials, structures, and systems that are modeled on biological entities and processes
* Uses things that work in nature, to help develop things to help humans during the same conditions and to use these designs to help innovate other inventions to make things more productive.
* If it works for nature, it can work for us in nature
What force drive evolution?
Mutations- changes in nucleotide sequence of DNA
* Natural Selection- nature selects
* populations, not individuals, evolve
* changes in allele frequencies over time
Explain what science can and can not explain.
Used to explain occurrences in the natural world
* Study of natural world and natural phenomena
* Cannot offer concrete explanations
Explain two major approaches to science we discussed and an example of each.
discovery based- describe natural phenomena based observations (use patterns, correlations)
* Ex. velcro, antibiotics
* hypothesis driven-scientific method and logic used to support/refute a hypothesis
* Ex. geocentric hypothesis, low mortality rates with midwives (led to hand washing)
Explain the importance of peer review.
Peer review- review of an article by experts before publication
* Ensures that the authors have appropriately designed and interpreted their study
* Weeds out sloppy research
Explain defining features of the hypothesis that make it the hallmark and core strength of the process of science
can never be proven o Testable
* Can supported/rejected through experimental or nonexperimental studies
* Falsifiable
* Can be ruled out by data
Explain the theory of evolution and how it occurs
Change in characteristics of a species over severa; generations and relies on the process of natural selection
* Populations experience changes in allele frequencies over time
* populations, not individuals, evolve
* An entire population can change (evolve) when some traits are favored over others
* Population: a group of organisms of the same species living together in the same geographic area
Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
Genotype - set or collection of genes/genetic into carried (inherited from set of parental genes) Genotype determines pheno type
* Phenotype
o Physical, observable traits newlay bor eis shenrype and anyonment determine the
Explain three types of selection.
Directional selection
* Type of Natural Selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes (shifts in particular direction)
* Ex: peppered moths - environment changed (more soot in air) therefore, pressured phenotype in one direction
Directional selection
Light-colored peppered moths are better camouflaged against a pristine environment; likewise, dark-colored peppered moths are better camouflaged against a sooty environment. Thus, as the Industrial Revolution progressed in nineteenth-century England, the color of the moth population shifted from light to dark, an example of directional selection.
Stabilizing selection
Stabilizing selection
environment favors narrow range of phenotypes
* Phenotype of population settles near the middle, intermediate phenotypes
* Occurs in stable environments, most common
* ex: birth weight — too large of babies cannot fit through birth canal, too small of babies do not survive
* ex: robin’s eggs – more than 4 eggs = eggs tend to be smaller, less than 4 eggs = low likelihood of all birds making it to adulthood
Robins typically lay four eggs, an example of stabilizing selection. Larger clutches may resuit in malnourished chicks while smaller clutches may result in no viable offspring.
Diversify selection
Environment favors both extremes
Occurs in patchy environment, in which extremes of the phenotypic range do better than the middle range
Number of finches
Small
* Ex: Darwin’s finches changed beak size over time due to available food sources
Explain the difference between artificial and natural selection.
Natural selection
* Process where organisms better adapted to their environment produce more offspring
* Individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment are more likely to survive, finding food, avoiding predators and resisting disease T
* those individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass their genes on to their children
* survival of the fittest
o higher fitness = increased likelihood of alleles being passed to
next generation
* Ex: antibiotic resistance increases organism’s fitness Artificial selection
* Selective breeding for desired traits in an organism
* Human involvement
* example: dog breeding
Explain 5 functional traits of something you might classify as “alive”
Growth
Process of increasing in size
* Whether that be cell size or overall organism size
* Reproduction
Process of producing new individual
* Sexual
* asexual
* Homeostasis
* Process of maintaining fairly constant internal environment, even when external environment changes
* Sense and respond to stimuli process of reacting to their environment
* Ex: heliotropism- directional growth of a plant in response to sunlight (sunflowers)
* Ability to obtain and use energy process of taking energy and doing work
Explain the architecture of a typical atom and the subatomic particles that gives elements their traits
Nucleus
* Dense core of atom
* Consists of protons and neutrons
* Proton
Explain the architecture of a typical atom and the subatomic particles that give elements their
* Neutron
* No charge
* Found in nucleus
* Electron
* Negative
* Orbit around the nucleus,
* Shared or given away when bonding to other atoms
Explain how atomic mass can be used to infer number of neutrons and differ between isotopes of an element.
Atomic mass is determined adding the number of protons and neutrons together
* Isotopes means different number of neutrons therefore the atomic mass changes
Explain the difference between hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds.
Ionic bonds
* Do not share electrons, just donate or accept electron o formed between oppositely charged ions
* charged atoms - ions
* Covalent Bonds
* Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
* Strongest of the various bonds
* Hold atoms together in a molecule
* The number of covalent bonds an atom can form is equal to the number of additional electrons needed to fill its outer shell
* Hydrogen bonds
* Weak electrical attraction/bond between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an atom with a partial negative charge
Explain why carbon is one of life’s most versatile elemental components.
Carbon is abundant on earth
* Carbon atoms can bond up to four atoms
* We are a carbon based organism (2nd most common in body)
* Complex molecules are made up of carbon bonded with other elements, especially oxygen and hydrogen and frequently also with nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur
Explain why the mechanism by which water freezes is vital to life.
stable hydrogen bonds hold molecules apart, results in ice being less dense than water
* Aquatic organisms can survive since ice is less dense than liquid water, meaning that organisms can live through the winter months and move to the bottom of lakes/rivers.
* pro/con
* Con: frostbite
* can physically disrupt/damage cells
“Pro: cryopreservation
* can also preserve some cells locked in time to thaw and live again
Explain cohesion, adhesion, surface tension and capillary action and their importance
Cohesion - Water’s ability to stick to itself
* Water is attracted to water
* water molecules cling together
Adhesion - Waters ability to stick to non-water surfaces
* Water is attracted to other substances
* Water molecules cling to surfaces
Surface Tension
* measure of how difficult it is to stretch/break the surface of a liquid
Capillary Action
* the capillary action pertains to the movement of a liquid through a narrow space as a result of the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.
* plants use those forces to their advantage to move water and nutrients throughout their vasculature
Explain how organisms employ water’s unique ability to store large amounts of heat energy.
because of hydrogen bonding, water has a strong resistance to temperature change
* water can absorb and store large amounts of heat while only changing a few degrees in temperature.
*Explain why ionic structures like table salt are often easily soluble in water.
The polarity of the water molecule enables water to dissolve many ionically bonded substances
* Salt (sodium chloride) is made from positive sodium ions bonded to negative chloride
* Water can dissolve salt because the positive part of water molecules attracts the negative chloride ions and the negative part of water molecules attracts the positive sodium ions.
*Explain pH.
Concentration of hydrogen (H-) ions in a solution
* ACID
* Chemical compound the releases H+ to a solution
* pH closer to 0
* Lowest pH = highest H+
* BASE
compound that accepts H+ and removes them from the solution
* pH closer to 14
* Highest pH = lowest H+
Explain what a functional group is.
The groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions
* Hydroxyl (-ОН)
* Carboxyl (-COOH)
