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Bio 101 > Bio 101 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio 101 Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses

A
  • infectious particles enclosed in protein coat (capsid)
    -cellular parasites and have a specific host range
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2
Q

Infectious particle

A

nucleic acid

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3
Q

Capsid

A
  • layer of proteins surrounding nucleic acid (virus genome- DNA or RNA)
  • Some have a third layer- membrane phospholipid bilayer, called an envelope
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4
Q

viral envelope

A

Surrounds virus protien - a lipid bilayer membrane formed by the host cell

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5
Q

What can viruses infect

A

Plants, animals, people, and bacteria

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6
Q

Glycoproteins

A

receptors

  • Sticks out of viruses outermost layer
  • Glycoprotein sometimes called receptor spikes
  • Must bind to a host cell
    -Each virus has specific spikes with special chemistry
    -Viruses have specific receptors that must bind to the host cell for attachment entry
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7
Q

Receptor spikes are on outside which lets them bump into host cells and bind

A

Triggers injection of DNA into host cell, capsid stays on outside

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8
Q

Lactic cycle

A

when you are sick

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9
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

when you are sick, then goes dormant, then comes back

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10
Q

Viruses use receptors to

A

bind to the host cell for attachment and entry

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11
Q

A virus that has a dormancy phase

A

is able to integrate the genome of the virus into the host cell chromosome

the varicella-zoster virus infects many cells throughout the body and causes chickenpox, characterized by a rash of blisters covering the skin. About 10 to 12 days postinfection, the disease resolves and the virus goes dormant, living within nerve-cell ganglia for years.

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12
Q

Can viruses have DNA and RNA

A

No, a virus cannot have both DNA and RNA; a virus can only contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, not both within the same viral particle.

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13
Q

When a virus has an envelope (phospholipid bilayer, which is oil, which is liquid) it allows entry by fusion (instead of binding)

A

2 come together like merging oil droplets

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14
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

transcribes RNA into DNA

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15
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

Deoxyribose (sugar)

■ Hereditary molecule that is passed from parents to offspring
■ Common to all living organisms
■ Sevres as the instruction manual for how to build an individual
■ Found i the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
- In the form of a chromosome ( Single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins)

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16
Q

● What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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17
Q

Why is each persons DNA different

A
  • its structure to understand why
    ● Unique sequence of nucleotides, 4 different bases of nucleotides
    ● Each nucleotide has phosphate, sugar, and base
    ● Sugar backbone is sometimes drawn as a straight line with bases sticking off the sides
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18
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Monomers that combine to make DNA

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19
Q

Nucleotides have one of four base

A

Adenine (A) ○ Thymine (T) Guanin (G) ○ Cytosine (C)

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20
Q

What are the complementary base pairings for DNA?

A

○ A-T, C-G
Adenine will always pair with thymine and guanine will always pair with cytosine

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21
Q

When referring to DNA, what is the “double helix”?

A

Two strands of linked nucleotides that are twisted around each other

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22
Q

Two strands of nucleotides pair up and twist around each other to form a spiral shaped double helix

A

Sugars and phosphates form the outside “backbone” ○ Bases form the internal “rungs”

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23
Q

Two strands of DNA double helix are held together by

A

base pairing ( hydrogen bonding ) between the bases of each stand

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24
Q

● Complementary base pairing

A

A always pairs with T
C always pairs with G

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25
Q

DNA Replication

A

Natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule
- Takes advantage of complementary base-pairing rules

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26
Q

Helicase

A

can open up and separate two strands- breaks hydrogen bonds, binds to DNA, separates two strands of helix

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27
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that builds new DNA polymer

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28
Q

DNA replication is semiconservative

A

holds onto each side of the parent strand in the new daughter strands - half old, half new

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29
Q

Understanding the structure and replication of DNA is crucial to using it in forensic applications

A

Specific sequence of nucleotides along a strand of DNA is unique to each individual
- Extract the DNA from the cells to create individual’s DNA profile (Visual representation of a person’s unique DNA sequence) (Need many copies of their DNA)

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30
Q

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

PCR is a laboratory technique used to replicate and amplify specific DNA segment

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31
Q

Primers

A

short segments of DNA that guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy

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32
Q

During each round of PCR

A

1- Heating separates DNA strands
2- Cooling allows DNA polymerase to pair new nucleotides with the original template strands
- New DNA binds to template strand and builds complementary strand

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33
Q

● PCR test used when

A

you gave a small sample and want to increase sample size in order to test

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34
Q

PCR

A

heating, strand separation (double helix separates), DNA replication

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35
Q

PCR amplification of DNA is useful when

A

There is limited sample to work with

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36
Q

PCR can be useful in

A

DNA profiling

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37
Q

DNA profiling takes advantage of

A

the fact that no two people have the exact same DNA sequence

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38
Q

Genome

A

one complete set of genetic material present in a cell or organism

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39
Q

Determining sequence of entire genome is extremely time consuming and expensive

A

Use shortcut
- Use PCR to amplify only specific segments of DNA
○ Short tandem repeats (STR) ● STRs are sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated

○ For example, sequence AGCT may be repeated over and over again

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40
Q

What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?

A

Blocks of repeated DNA sequences (AGCT) that vary in length from person to person

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41
Q

STRs are in the same places along chromosomes

A

Exact length of STR varies from person to person

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42
Q

Making a DNA profile

A
  • Collects cells and extract DNA
  • Use PCR to amplify multiple STR regions
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43
Q

Making a DNA profile– how will you visualize the results?

A

Separate STRs using gel electrophoresis

■ Laboratory technique that separates fragments of DNA by size
■ Small piece of DNA move fastest and go to the bottom, longer piece are slower and stay closer to the top

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44
Q

DNA evidence is

A

more reliable than other forms of evidence
○ Error rates for bite mark identification can be as high as 91%
○ Hair analysis can exclude a suspect, not positively identify one

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45
Q

no two people share exactly the same DNA except for…

A

identical twins

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46
Q

DNA in crime

A

Uses DNA as evidence to free people wrongly convicted of crimes
● DNA testing is a standard part of court cases
● Extremely accurate way to math crime scene evidence of perpetrators

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47
Q

When performing gel electrophoresis, STRs are separated

A

by pipetting them into a gel and applying an electric field, with the smallest fragments moving the furthest distance and the longest fragments moving the shortest distance, to create a unique profile of banding pattern for each individual

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48
Q

Sickle cell disease is an

A

nherited genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to take on a sickled shape (crescent moon) and carry less oxygen

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49
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

xperience anemia, episodes of severe pain, and other complications due to clots and blockages in blood vessels
● Sickle cells are less effective at carrying oxygen and can get stuck in vessels and veins and cause clots

50
Q

How can we cure sickle cell anemia? (Treatments)

A

Treatments-
■ Narcotics for pain
■ Blood transfusions to provide normal red blood cells and reduce the concentration of sickle cells
■ Hydroxyurea medication to reduce the amount of sickling

51
Q

How can we cure sickle cell anemia? (Cures)

A

Cures-
■ Bone marrow transplant
■ Gene therapy (NEW meth we are currently working on)

52
Q

Cells in your kidneys produce different proteins and carry out different functions than cells in your brain. How is this possible?

A

Kidney and brain cells have the same DNA but use and express different genes

53
Q

Every cell has same DNA, but they differ because they…

A

use regulatory regions to control timing, location, and amount of protein to express different genes

54
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Monomers found in DNA and RNA, Molecules made of a sugar, phosphate, and a base

55
Q

When referring to DNA, what is the “double helix”?

A

Two strands of linked nucleotides that are twisted around each other

56
Q

Two strands of linked nucleotides that are twisted around each other

A

Adenine will always [air with thymine and cytosine will always pair with guanine

57
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme involved in DNA replication that binds to DNA and synthesizes the new DNA strand

*ase=enzyme

58
Q

When DNA is copied to make more DNA before a cell divides, what happens to the original (parent) DNA molecule?

A

Each of the cells contain DNA that is half original and half new DNA since DNA replication is semiconservative

59
Q

PCR amplification of DNA is a useful technique when

A

There is limited sample

60
Q

What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?

A

Blocks of repeated DNA sequences (AGCT) that are highly similar from person to person

61
Q

A mutation in the gene for beta-globin results in new amino acid and sickling of red blood cells. What is the most likely outcome?

A

Reduced Oxygen Transport, Blockage of Blood Flow, Increased Hemolysis, Increased Risk of Infection

62
Q

Genes

A

Are found on chromosomes, contain a regulatory region that controls when, where, and how much protein is made

63
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three mRNA nucleotides that specify a particular amino acid

64
Q

What is the complementary DNA sequence to GGCTATTACCG?

A

CCGATAATGGC

65
Q

What is the RNA sequence to GGCTATTACCG?

A

CCGAUAAUGGC

66
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Builds an mRNA polymer during translation

67
Q

Viruses use receptors to

A

Bind to the host cell for attachment and entry

68
Q

The job of tRNA is to

A

Use the anticodon to bring the right amino acid to the ribosome

69
Q

Ribosomes

A

Bind the mRNA and catalyze formation of the bonds between amino acids

70
Q

mRNA

A

Carry the codon information from the nucleus to the ribosome

71
Q

Gene therapy can use viruses to

A

Deliver new genes to cells and alleviate the effects of certain genetic disorders

72
Q

What is a transgenic organism?

A

An organism that contains genes from a different species

73
Q

A virus that has a dormancy phase

A

Is able to integrate the genome of the virus into the host cell chromosome

74
Q

What type of mutation causes one new amino acid to be in a protein?

A

Missense

75
Q

What type of mutation causes an early stop codon and truncation of the protein?

A

Nonsense

76
Q

Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA?

A

98%

77
Q

Which of the following is not a function of mitosis in humans?

A

Production of gametes from diploid cells

78
Q

The following karyotype shown below is likely from an individual with

A

Down Syndrome (extra chromosome)

79
Q

What is the ultimate source of all diversity?

A

Mutation

80
Q

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

A

Three

81
Q

If adenine makes up 35% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases would you expect to be guanine? (Hint this question requires careful examination and consideration of Chargaff’s rule)

A

15%

82
Q

______ takes place in the nucleus and _______ require(s) rRNA.

A

Transcription; translation

83
Q
A
84
Q

The process of DNA replication requires

A

breaking of hydrogen bonds, unwinding of the DNA, enzymes, nucleotides (all of the above)

85
Q

PCR amplification of DNA is a useful technique when

A

There is limited sample

85
Q

Consider the following figure. It indicates that a single amino acid substitution _____.

A

May alter a protein so that it no longer functions properly

86
Q

A diploid alien that reproduces via sexual reproduction and meiosis has 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in each of its haploid gametes?

A

16

87
Q

The data that showed that DNA is a helix in its “wet form” was collected by______.

A

Rosalind Franklin

87
Q

Which of the following best describes the pattern of increasing copies of DNA during PCR amplification?

A

1 -> 2 -> 4 -> 8

88
Q

Most chemotherapy drugs are effective because they

A

Interrupt cell division

89
Q

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule is determined by

A

the order of amino acids and how it folds up

90
Q

What determines a protein’s functionality?

A

the three dimensional shape of the folded protein

91
Q

All proteins begin with the amino acid

A

methionine (met)

92
Q

A mutation in the gene encoding for head coaching success in college football results in a protein with a
drastically distorted three-dimensional shape. What is the most likely outcome?

A

The success protein will not function properly

93
Q

Alleles are alternative versions of _____________ genes(s) that have ________nucleotide sequences.

A

The same; small differences in their

94
Q

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?

A

DNA that includes pieces from two different sources

95
Q

Your DNA is

A

Identical in all cells

96
Q

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called ______.

A

Autosomes

97
Q

Which short tandem repeat would likely migrate the least distance through an electrophoresis gel?

A

GAAGC repeated four times

98
Q

An epigenetic change in gene expression is a change that does not involve any change in nucleotide sequence
of the gene.

A

TRUE

99
Q

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______.

A

Exons

100
Q

After a bad sunburn skin usually peels off at an accelerated rate. What process best describes what has happened to the burned skin cells?

A

Apoptosis

101
Q

A woman
with a BRCA1 mutation

A

Is at an increased risk of developing breast cancer

102
Q

A mutation would most likely be inherited if it is located in a ____ cell

A

Sperm

103
Q

Which of these typically does NOT directly cause cancer?

A

Inherited Mutations

104
Q

The final product of gene expression is

A

A protein

105
Q

Two daughter strands of DNA are synthesized during replication. Which term best describes the new chain of DNA that begins at the origin of replication (fork) and is synthesized continuously in the direction of replication.

A

Leading Strand

106
Q

Since DNA is replicated semiconservatively, what does each new daughter cell receive from the parent cell
after replication and mitosis?

A

One of the original strands and one new strand

107
Q

If two individuals were both heterozygous for freaky toad warts, which are a dominant trait, what percentage of their progeny would have freaky toad warts?

A

75%

108
Q

Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together?

A

DNA Ligase

109
Q

DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

110
Q

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their ______.

A

Length

111
Q

Why might radiation therapy increase the risk of cancer reoccurring?

A

exposure to radiation can damage DNA of normal cells, which can contribute to cancer

112
Q

Which enzyme pairs corresponding nucleotides to a preexisting DNA chain in order to synthesize a new strand of DNA?

A

DNA Polymerase

113
Q

A cell spends most of its time in

A

Interphase

114
Q

An anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides that _________________.

A

is found on transfer RNA and is complementary to messenger RNA codons

115
Q

Cancer is

A

unregulated cell division

116
Q

Reference the codon table, at the end of your assessment packet for this question. The anticodon sequence UUC codes for the amino acid ______.

A

Lysine

116
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene transcription?

A

In eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus; in prokaryotes it occurs in the cytoplasm.

117
Q

Which of the following can cause cancer to develop and progress?

A

an oncogene and a mutated tumor suppressor genw

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