Extra Questions E1 Flashcards
Which physical barrier has the greatest surface area to defend?
mucous membranes
Which of the following in not considered part of the innate immune system?
Bcells
Compliment protein activation is totally dependent on antibodies.
false
Which carbohydrates is found on the surface of many common pathogens and can trigger the lectin activation pathway of compliment activation?
mannose
What is not a function of the compliment system?
antigen presentation
In what state are macrophages good antigen presenters?
primed
What is the function of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) which is sometimes expressed on the surface of endothelial cells?
binds integrin expressed on surface of neutophil to stop neutrophil from rolling
Which cytokines activate neutrophils as they travel to the battle site?
IL-2
Which cytokines, produced by natural killer cells can prime macrophages?
IFN Gamma
What organ/tissue is the primary source of the complement proteins?
liver
Which activation pathway of the complement system is antibody dependant
classical
What cytokine is produced by a hyperactivated macrophage which causes it to secrete lots of IL-12?
TNF
Which molecule, native to a bacterial cell wall, can bind to and stimulate both natural killer cells and macrophages signaling that an attack in underway?
IFN gamma
In an NK cell membrane, receptors that bind to MHC I receptors displaying peptide fragment elicit what type of response?
kill
What “kills” by poking holes in the cell membrane of the invader?
complement
What “kills” by poking holes in the cell membrane of the invader, and dumping in granenzyme B?
NK cells
Which “kills” by forcing the cell to commit suicide (apoptosis)?
NK cells (Fas & Fas L)
What acts as warning proteins, given off by virally infected cells?
TNF
What is the most abundant antibody in the blood?
IgG
A B cell receptor is best described as?
an antibody tethered to the B cell membrane
Which statements regarding a mature B cell is true?
a. only produces soluble antibodies, there are no B cell receptors on the cell surface
b. produces a vast number (>100,000) of different B cell receptors or antibodies
c. produces a small number (
At any point in time how many B cells in the blood are identical?
50 – about 30 in the blood
Most B cells will eventually find their cognant antigen.(T/F)
false
What part of an antibody binds to an antigen?
“top of the Y” heavy and light chains
VDJC gene segments on chromosome 14 in humans code for what structure?
the heavy antibody chain
What portion of the B cell receptor generates an activation signal inside the B cell?
Ig-Alpha, Ig-Beta
Which gene segment humans is there about 40 different variations?
V
What receptor on the B cell can bind to a helper T cell which acts as a co-stimulatory signal?
CD40
. In order for B cells to activate, they must receive a Th cell co-stimulatory signal. (T/F)
fasle
there are T-cell dependant, and T-cell independant pathways
Without T cell help, B cells can activate under what conditions.
pattern recognition (t cell independent) clustering of B cell receptors
What cells lives for only a few days, usually goes back to the bone marrow or spleen and can produce up to 2000 antibodies per second?
plasma cell
Which MHC class are displayed on virtually all cells?
MHC I
Which MHC class have open ends and can display exogenous peptides about 13-25 amino acids in length?
MHC II – exogenous, 13-25 AA
.What prevents MHC II molecules from displaying endogenous peptides?
invariant chain
In terms of antigen presentation, what cells present loaded MHC II to re-stimulate experienced T cells at the battle site?
activated macrophages
What lymphocytes scan MHC I complexes?
killer T cells
MHC complexes present antigen to both T and B cells(T/F)
false – t cells and NK cells
All antigen presenting cells must be activated before they can function.
true
What protein displayed by both activated macrophages and activated dendritic cells acts as a co-stimulatory molecule to amplify the effect of MHC II presentation and binds to the CD28 receptor on the helper T cell?
.B7
Activated dendritic cells travel to lymph nodes to present antigen and activate virgin T cells and live for months in the lymph node.
false – lives in lymph node for about a week, rest is true
Which antigen presenting cell is capable of concentrating antigen for presentation to T cells?
activated B cells
. Which of the following are pattern recognition receptors found on dendritic cells?
Toll-like receptors – also LPS (CD14) receptor,
(lipopolysaccaride), scavenger receptor, glucan receptor
