Exam I Flashcards
The largest physical Barrier to be defended is the Mucous membranes? (T/F)
True
The largest physical Barrier to be defended is the skin? (T/F)
False
Commensal Microbiota in the gut compete with pathogens for nutrients and attachment sits? (T/F)
True
Lysozyme, defensins, cathelicidins and histatins are all examples of?
Antimicrobial enzymes/peptides
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha are a classic example of?
Pro-inflamatory Cytokines.
Thick or impaired mucus flow predisposes an individual to what?
Chronic infection. (ex. Cystic Fibrosis)
If the inflammation response is not regulated it can lead to?
Sepsis or septic shock
What cells of the immune system are prolific cytokine factories?
T helper Cells.
What cell acts as a liaison between the innate and adaptive immune system?
Dendritic Cells
Inflammation is an Adaptive immune response?(T/F)
False
Inflammation is an Innate immune response?(T/F)
True
Which of the following is not a function of antibodies?
Apoptosis
Do antibodies directly kill cells?
No
What are the functions of antibodies?
Neutrilization
Opsonization
Complement Activation
Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity
What are the functions of the complement system?
Opsinization
Chemical Attractant
Destroys Bacteria
Does the complement system require activation?
Yes
What are the 3 pathways that activate the complement system?
Alternative Pathway
Lectin Pathway
Classical Pathway (Antibody dependant)
What Cells Present antibodies?
Activated Dendritic Cells
Activated Macrophages
Activated B Cells
Activated Neutrophils
What is the Function of C3a and C5a?
Chemo attractant
What is the fucntion of C5b, C3b?
Bind to the cell membrane
What is the Function of Convertase? (C3bBb)
split more C3 and C5
What forms the Membrane Attack complex?
C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
What is the most numerous white blood cell in the body?
Neutrophil
What Monosaccharide found on the surface of many pathogens can trigger the activation of complement?
Mannose
When Mannose is found on the surface of many pathogens trigger the activation of complement is is called?
Lectin Activation Pathway
mannose binding lectin protein and MASP, clips locale C3 to C3a, and C3b
What professional phagocyte normally circulates in the blood?
Neutrophil
What professional phagocyte normally circulates in the tissue?
Macrophages
What is the least numerous white blood cell in the body?
Basophil
What are the characteristics of a primed macrophage?
phagocytosis (big bites)
expreses MHC II
Produces comeplement proteins C3, factor B, Factor D
Proiliferates
What are the characteristics of a resting macrophage?
phagocytosis (small Bites)
Slowly Proiliferates
Few MHC II’s displayed
What are the characteristics of hyper active macrophage?
Stops proliferating
Grows large
Phagoctytosis (whole cells)
EMITS TNF
What primes macropahges?
IFN-y “bad guys in area”
What hyperactives macrophages?
LPS/mannose from bacteria cell wall or “direct signal from bad guy”
What is up-regulated by an activated neutrophil and binds to endothelial ICAM allowing the Neutrophil to stop?
Integrin
What is on the endothleium after “alarm” (TNF/IL-1), binds to the Selectin Ligand allowing the Neutrophil to roll/slow?
Selectin
What is always on Endothelium surface, that is always presented that binds to a neutrophils Intergrin?
ICAM
Whats always on the Neutrophils surface?
Selectin Ligand
Natural Killer cells kill by what mechanism?
Apoptosis
What are the Two methods NK cells use to kill a cell?
Perforin/Granenzyme B; FAS ligand (triggers suicide)
Nk cells bind what antibodies to allow it to kill via antibody dependent cytotoxicity?
IgG
IgG binds to what receptors on a NK cell allowing it to kill via antibody independant cellular cytotoxicity?
IgG3 on NK/FC
All B cells(tethered antibodies) on any given B cell are identical? (T/F)
True
Besides a B cell receptor on a B cell, name another type of receptor that would likely be present?
Completment
CD40 (not CD40L, CD40L is on Thelpers)
What cell has the Fc receptor?
Nk cells (binds IgG3 allowing IgG to kill)
Mast Cells binding what, wiill cause mast cell degeneration?
IgE
In consideration of the heavy chain modular design, which gene segment has the most variations (~40) to choose from?
V
In consideration of the heavy chain modular design, which gene segment has the Least variations (~6) to choose from?
J
What is Expressed on a NK cell that binds to a Fas protein on the invader, triggering apoptosis?
Fas Ligand
In a Bcell receptor, what is the function of Ig-alpha and Ig-beta?
sends an activation signal to the nucleus.
What binds to the epitope?
Paratrope
Almost all cells in the body express MHC I? (T/f)
True
Almost all cells in the body express MHC II? (T/F)
False, only Antigen presenting cells do.
A. Dendritic
A. Macropahges
A. Bcells
A. Neutrophils
The Helper T cell co-stimulates the B cell by expressing?
CD40 Ligand, (CD40 is on Bcell)
What binds with B7?
CD28
What binds with CD28?
B7
What are the characteristics of IgA?
Breast Milk
cannot fix complement
coats pathogens to prevent mucosal attachement,
Most abundant class within the human BODY
What are the characteristics of IgG?
Has 4 subcatagories
can pass from the mothers blood to the feuts via placenta
More IgG in serum(blood) than any other antibody
Activates complement
What are the characteristics of IgM?
First immunoglobin made following antigen recognition (When Bcells are activated) Immobilizes antigen (agglutination) Activates complement (classical pathway)
What are the characteristics of IgE?
Made in response to alergies
Binds on surface of mast cells
(causes degranulation of mast cells, which can cause shock)
After a Bcell has found its cognate antigen and proliferates, most of these proliferating B cells become which of the following?
Plasma cells
After a Bcell has found its cognate antigen and proliferates, some of these proliferating B cells become which of the following?
Memory Bcells
What is the result of B cell activation without T cell Help?
they can only produce IgM
Stimulation of what nerve(s) can attenuate or inhibit inflammation mediated by splenic macrophages?
the vagus nerve
Which antibody can confer passive immunity from the mother to the fetus and crosses the placenta?
IgG
Which antibody can confer passive immunity from the mother to the fetus via breast milk?
IgA
What normally prevents endogenous peptides from loading onto MHC II?
Invariant Chain
What specail protein protects the binding area of MHC II
Invariant Chain
All antigen presenting cells express B7 co-stimulatory proteins? (T/F)
true
what is the function of MHC 1?
displays endogenous Peptides
What MHC displays longer peptides?
MHC II
B7 displayed on macrophages can act as co-stimulatory molecule to the antigen presenting MHC, what receptor on the B cell binds B7?
CD 28
Toll-like receptors are best descirbed as?
Pattern Recognition receptors
What antigen presenting cell, pahgoctizes antigen at the battle site, displays it on MHC II and travels back to a lmyph node to activate T cells?
Activated Dendritic Cells
What antigen presenting cell, pahgoctizes antigen at the battle site, and re-stimulates Tcells?
Macrophages.
What is the major APC function of Activated Macrophages?
to re-stimulate Tcells at the battle site.
What antibody is the major mucosal antibody, can bind to pathogens in the gut and prevent attachement (neutrilization) to mucosal Cells?
IgA
What substance is released from degranulating mast cells and is associated with anaplyactic shock systemically?
Histamine
Antigen
something that causes immune system to create antibodies specifically targeting that something
Cognate Antigen
antigen that a given B cell’s receptors recognize
Epitope (antigenic determinant)
part of the antigen that the antibody recognizes and attaches to
Paratope
part of the antibody that recognizes and attaches to the epitope
