Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

forensics > extra midterm stuff > Flashcards

extra midterm stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Galton contribution

A

discovered 3 classifications of fingerprints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lattes contribution

A

discovered blood types through dried blood samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Osborne contribution

A

document examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Goddard contribution

A

used comparison microscope to link bullets to gun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Locard contribution

A

every contact leaves a trace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Jefferies contribution

A

DNA typing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what qualifications does an expert witness need to have

A

knowledge
education
experience
training
credibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

entomology

A

uses insect activity for location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

odontology

A

dental impressions to identify mutilated body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

toxicology

A

detection and identification of drugs and poisons in biological specimens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anthropology

A

study bones for identification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pathology

A

autopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

serology

A

identification and analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, semen, and saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

csi

A

collects and preserves evidence for lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

firearms unit

A

examines firearms and ammunition to determine distance shot was fired from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

document examination

A

studies handwriting and typewriting on documents to examine authenticity and source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in vitro

A

outside of a living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

in vivo

A

inside a living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is the Bertillonage system of measurement applied to suspect identification? is it reliable? why?

A

uses a series of measurement for identification and compares to suspect
not reliable, other people can have the same measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

modus operandi

A

pattern of repeated behavior in a criminals actions relating to a crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CSI effect

A

dramatization of forensic science on TV
leads to public having unrealistic expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Frye standard

A

set guidelines for determining admissibility of evidence in court
evidence must be generally accepted by scientific community
not absolute
room for variation
Frye v. US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

daubert standard

A

daubert v. Merrell dow pharmaceutical. inc
can technique/theory be tested?
has technique been subject to peer review and publication?
techniques potential rate of error
existence and maintenance of operation standards
did theory or method attract widespread acceptance in relevant scientific community?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

situation using chromatography

A

DNA profiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

situation using spectophotometry

A

testing of trace evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

situation using gel electophoresis

A

DNA separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

explain the mechanism of succinylcholine in the body

A

skeletal muscle relaxant, used to relax muscles during surgery or when a person is on a breathing machine
blocks nerve signals to muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why is it important for CSI to work quickly

A

longer CSI waits, more evidence will tarnish or get destroyed
evidence can’t be repaired if destroyed
keep unauthorized personnel out of scene to maintain reliable evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

acceptable forms of evidence and documentation

A

evidence that’s properly preserved and follows chain of custody
photographs, sketches, notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

role of lead investigator

A

starts investigative process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 necessary steps for lead investigator

A

determines scene boundaries
establishes path of entry and exit
initial scene walk-through (gain overview of the situation, develop strategy for systematic examination and crime scene documentation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

exceptions for needing a search warrant

A

in pursuit of a suspect
someone needs immediate medical attention
consent
fleeing suspect
destruction of evidence
in plain sight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

rough sketch

A

messy, original, between 2 fixed points, shows all recovered evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

finished sketch

A

precise rendering of crime scene
not done at scene
drawn to scale
uses computer aided drafting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

chain of custody definition

A

list of people that came into contact with the evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

chain of custody importance

A

no confusion around who handled the evidence and clarification for who did

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

purpose of a reference sample

A

known sample to taken to compare to unknown sample for forensic comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

proper techniques for securing evidence

A

wear gloves
collect fragile evidence first
package each item in a separate bag with a label saying what it is
obtain standards for later comparison
maintain chain of custody
package each piece of evidence in correct packaging for preservation
dry any wet evidence to prevent mold
touch it as little as possible to prevent degredation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

4 requirements for admissable evidence

A

obtained legally
relevant to crime
witness must identify that the item was a part of the crime and where it came from
follow chain of custody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

direct evidence

A

1st hand observations
eyewitnesses
video
confessions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

circumstaintial evidence

A

implies fact, doesn’t directly prove it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

JonBenet Ramsey case summary

A

mother found ransom note for daughter for $118,000
body found hours later in her basement
no evidence of intrusion
parents brought friends over, dad left scene, evidence destroyed
parents remain main suspects, never solved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Casey Anthony case summary

A

teen mother abandoned 2-year-old daughter
waited 31 days to report missing
kept partying contrantly
found not guilty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

individual evidence

A

object with a high probability of being linked to one source
fingerprints, DNA, etc

45
Q

class evidence

A

object with characteristics common to a group of similar object
fibers, footprints, etc.

46
Q

autopsy purpose

A

external and internal examination of a dead body
medical dissection and examination post-mortem

47
Q

when is an autopsy done

A

unexplained or unnatural deaths

48
Q

medical autopsy

A

done by medical examiner
requires family consent
determines extent of disease or effects of therapy
looks for undiagnosed disease
fewer than 12% of deaths get them

49
Q

forensic autopsy

A

done by medical examiner
aids in criminal investigation
doesn’t require family consent
sudden and violent and unexplained deaths

50
Q

cause of death

A

reason that the person did

51
Q

manner of death

A

relates to circumstances that led to fatal result

52
Q

5 manners of death

A

natural causes
homicide
suicide
accidental
other

53
Q

rigor mortis

A

stiffening of muscles after death

54
Q

what happens rigor-mortis wise after death

A

2 hrs pm: rigor begins
small muscles stiffen
chest muscles stiffen
arms and legs stiffen
12 hrs pm: peak rigor
small muscles relax
chest muscles relax
arms and legs relax
36 hrs: rigor ends

55
Q

environmental factors that affect rigor mortis

A

temperature
cold: slows
hot: fast

bodily movement
exercise: fast
sleep: slow

body size
fat: slows
skinny: fast

56
Q

biochemistry of rigor mortis

A

muscles contract when myosin and actin lock in with the help of calcium
muscles remain contracted until ATP (which requires oxygen to be made) attaches to myosin and forces it to let it go
ATP pumps calcium out of cell
no ATP at death = muscles remain contracted
ends when autolysis occurs
enzymes leak out and muscles break down

57
Q

autolysis

A

cell break down

58
Q

algor mortis

A

cooling of body after death

59
Q

role of forensic pathologist in an investigation

A

investigates cause, manner, and time of death

60
Q

European race skeleton

A

oval eyes
long, narrow eyes
smooth incisors
flat uranium

61
Q

Asian race skeleton

A

circular eye
small, rounded nose
shoveled interior incisors
flat/outward uranium

62
Q

African race skeleton

A

square eye
wide nose
smooth incisors
outward uranium

63
Q

how can you tell gender from skeletal remains

A

pelvis
skull

64
Q

how can you tell age form skeletal remains

A

teeth
growth plates
cranial sutures

65
Q

cranial suture

A

tissues that connect the skull bones

66
Q

how can the presence or absence of cranial sutures determine the age of a victim

A

certain sutures fuse at certain ages, so it will determine the age range of the victim

67
Q

livor mortis

A

settling of blood in areas closest to the ground

68
Q

George Zimmerman case summary

A

martin was walking alone at night, Zimmerman saw and followed him for protection
martin saw it as a threat and shot and attacked zimmerman in defense
zimmerman charged with 2nd degree murder

69
Q

what are friction ridges

A

skin on fingers, palm surfaces, and soles of feet formed by minutae

70
Q

how do friction ridges form and when

A

8-12 weeks after production
ridges form based on the fetus’s position in the womb

71
Q

3 founding principles of fingerprints

A

uniqueness
permanent
classified

72
Q

what makes fingerprints unique

A

minutae

73
Q

how many minutae are on each print

A

up to 150

74
Q

what is responsible for the characteristics of an individual print

A

how minutae and ridge details are layed out

75
Q

what are the two layers of skin

A

epidermis and dermis

76
Q

which layer of skin are minutae found

A

dermal papillae

77
Q

3 major types of fingerprints

A

loops
whorls
arches

78
Q

two types of loops

A

ulnar loop: opens toward pinkie
radial loop: opens toward thumb

79
Q

process of super glue fuming

A

add glue to a tray in a chamber
add heat source to speed up reaction
fumes react with moisture from latent residue
bonds latent deposit to surface

80
Q

what does afis stand for

A

automated fingerprint identification system

81
Q

most common fingerprint fraction? what percentage has it

A

1/1
25%

82
Q

biometrics

A

advanced form of human identification

83
Q

physiological biometrics

A

uses physical traits for identification
fingerprints, iris/retina scans

84
Q

behavioral biometrics

A

uses behavioral traits for identification
gait, voice, handwriting, typewriting

85
Q

Watson and Crick discovered

A

double helix model of DNA

86
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

took first pics of DNA

87
Q

fundamental unit of heredity

A

genes

88
Q

what 3 components make up a nucleotide

A

5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen base

89
Q

what types of bonds hold DNA together

A

hydrogen bonds between base pairs
covalent bonds on backbone

90
Q

what cells don’t have dna

A

red blood cells
platelets

91
Q

polymorphism

A

variations of DNA sequences between individuals

92
Q

role of helicase in replication

A

separates DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds

93
Q

role of ligase in replication

A

fork goes into grapes formed by DNA ligase

94
Q

role of DNA polymerase in replication

A

adds complimentary nucleotides to DNA strand

95
Q

what does rflp stand for

A

restriction fragment length polymorphism

96
Q

what is the classification of the enzyme used in rflp and where does it cut

A

uses restriction enzymes or bacterial cells to cut at recognition sites

97
Q

how can gel electrophoresis be used to link both a victim and a suspect to a crime

A

DNA is analyzed from the scene, the victim, and the suspect then compared to see if it is a match

98
Q

when is PCR used

A

minimal evidence

99
Q

how long are str segments usually

A

3-7 bases

100
Q

what is str

A

short tandem repeats found in a DNA molecule

101
Q

when is str usually used

A

when only small amts of DNA are available

102
Q

what is CODIS

A

combined DNA index system

103
Q

how many loci are used for accurate comparison in a study

A

13 for positive match

104
Q

why are there two peaks for each locus on an str graph

A

one comes from each parent

105
Q

why is there sometimes only one peak on a locus on an str graph

A

both parents have the same number of repeats on that locus

106
Q

which parent is mtDNA inherited from

A

mother

107
Q

when is mtDNA used

A

when nuclear DNA typing isn’t available

108
Q

disadvantage of mtDNA

A

only narrows to maternal relations

109
Q

Golden State Killer Case

A

responsible for 13 murders, 50 rapes, 100 burglaries minimum
also known as the East Area rapist and Night Stalker
eventually charged in 2018, 50 years after crimes, through a genealogical database that his uncle submitted DNA to
sentenced to life in prison at age 72

forensics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions