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forensics > chapter `16 > Flashcards

chapter `16 Flashcards

1
Q

biometrics defintion

A

advanced form of human identification

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2
Q

physiological biometrics

A

uses physical traits to identify (fingerprints, retina/iris scans, facial scans)

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3
Q

behavioral biometrics

A

identification through handwriting, voice, keystrokes, gait

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4
Q

gait

A

how you walk

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5
Q

keystroke

A

typing pattern

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6
Q

Alphonse Bertillon fingerprints

A

made 1st systematic personal ID
used anthropometry
most accurate until 20th century

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7
Q

Francis Galton fingerprints

A

discovered:
anatomy of prints
how to examine and record them

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8
Q

Will West v. William West

A

changed the way that people were classified and identified. they had the same name, Bertillon measurements, and resemblance to Will West.
showed importance of accurate fingerprint measurements to determine suspects

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9
Q

fingerprints defintion

A

skin ridges found on the palm-side of thumbs and fingers

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10
Q

3 founding principles of fingerprints

A

uniqueness
permanent
classified

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11
Q

what determines uniqueness of a fingerprint

A

ridge characteristics
minutiae

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12
Q

minutiae

A

individuality determined by ridge characteristics
as many as 150 per finger, no minimum
identity, number, relative location
must demonstrate point-by-point exact comparison for accurate identification

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13
Q

when do fingerprints form?

A

8th week of development, maybe 12-14

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14
Q

where are prints found on the body?

A

reproduction on ridges and palms, soles of hands and feet

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15
Q

fingers aid in

A

gripping

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16
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer of skin (not vascular)

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17
Q

dermis

A

inner layer of skin

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18
Q

dermal papillae

A

between the epidermis and dermis, where fingerprints are contained

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19
Q

does the dermal papillae contain pores?

A

yes

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20
Q

3 main fingerprint classifications

A

loop
whorl
arch

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21
Q

loop

A

enter from one side, curve, exit the same side
Must have one delta

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22
Q

ulnar loop

A

opens toward your little finger (usually more common)

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23
Q

radial loop

A

opens toward your thumb

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24
Q

whorl

A

minimum of two deltas

25
Q

plain whorls and central pocket loop

A

at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit

26
Q

double loop

A

two loops combined into one fingerprint

27
Q

accidental whorl

A

either contains two or more patterns, or is a pattern not covered by the other categories

28
Q

4 classifications of whorls

A

plain whorl
central pocket loop
double loop
accidental

29
Q

loop classifications

A

ulnar loop
radial loop

30
Q

arches

A

least common

31
Q

classifications of arches

A

plain arch
tented arch

32
Q

plain arch

A

enters one side, forms a hill, goes out the other side (small wave)

33
Q

tented arch

A

comes in from one side, spikes, goes out the other side

34
Q

Fingerprints are classified based on the presence or absence of

A

whorls

35
Q

fingerprint calculation

A

Whorl on 1st pair finger = 16. 2nd = 8. 3rd = 4. 4th = 2. 5th = 1.
Loops/arches = 0

R index / R thumb + R ring / R middle + L thumb / R little + L middle / L index + L little / L ring

Add numerator + 1 / Add denominator + 1 = your answer

36
Q

Ace-V

A

4 step process to identify and individualize a print

37
Q

ace-v 4 steps

A

analysis
comparison
evaluation
verification, second examiner double checks

38
Q

3 levels of comparison

A

Level 1: general flow and patterns (arches, loops, whorls)
Level 2: locating and comparing ridge characteristics
Level 3: examining pores, creases, and scars

39
Q

3 results of fingerprint examination

A

Identification
Exclusion
Inconclusive

40
Q

AFI’s

A

automated fingerprint identification system maintained by the FBI

41
Q

how many images does AFI have

A

nearly 750 million

42
Q

how does AFI work

A

Computer scans and encodes print

Records position and orientation of minutiae

Creates genetic pattern

Stores in database allowing thousands of prints to be compared per second

ranks print to unknown prints

experts compare

takes to court, must have 12 points to match

43
Q

3 types of fingerprint detection

A

visible
plastic
latent

44
Q

visible fingerprint

A

made when fingers touch a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material
Can be seen
Blood, paint, grease, ink

45
Q

plastic fingerprint

A

ridge impressions left on soft materials
Distinct and visible to the eye
Easily located at a crime scene
Putty, wax, soap, dust

46
Q

latent fingerprint

A

invisible to the unaided eye
Needs to be developed
Includes the sweat and oils from skin

47
Q

how are prints identified on nonporous surfaces?

A

powder
Painted wood, glass, mirrors, plastic, pots, cans, coffee mugs, etc.

48
Q

how are prints identified on porous surfaces?

A

chemicals like iodine, ninhydrin, cyanoacrylate (super glue)
Unpainted wood, paper, leather, etc.

49
Q

iodine fuming

A

heating iodine crystals, creates a vapor

50
Q

how to get best results from iodine fuming?

A

photograph immediately

51
Q

is iodine fuming permanent?

A

no, fades

52
Q

Ninhydrin

A

reacts with amino acids to produce a purple print

53
Q

Physical developer

A

silver nitrate reagent used when other chemical methods are ineffective

54
Q

Cyanoacrylate

A

Fumes from the glue adhere to the print to produce a white latent print
Metals, electrical tape, leather, plastic bags

55
Q

cyanoacrylate is the same as

A

superglue

56
Q

cyanoacrylate is only used on _ surfaces

A

nonporous

57
Q

superglue fuming process

A

Add super glue to a tray in a chamber
Add heat source to speed up the reaction
Fumes react with moisture from latent residue
Bonds latent deposit to the surface

58
Q

how to preserve and transport prints (small object)

A

photograph
transport without destroying print

59
Q

how to preserve and transport prints (large object)

A

developed with powder need to be lifted with tape

forensics (6 decks)

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