drug test Flashcards
what percentage of evidence do drugs make up in crime labs
more than 75%
5 factors of drug dependence
Nature of drug
Root of administration
Dosage
Frequency of administration
Metabolism of the individual
Non-drug factors also determine behavioral patterns (4)
Personal characteristics of the user
Expectations about drug experience
Society’s attitude about drug
Setting in which the drug is used
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2 main types of drug dependence
psychological
physical
Psychological Dependence
caused by underlying emotional needs
are drug users typically more normal or marginalized, socially and economically?
normal
what two factors entice people to do drugs
personal
social
examples of high intensity dependent drugs
alcohol
heroin
cocaine
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
example of low intensity dependent drugs
marijuana
examples of physical dependence
addiction
withdrawal
when does physical dependence develop
only when users adhere to reg schedule
Interval between doses must be short enough to not wear off
Ex: Heroin→ 6-8 hours
pharmacological narcotics purpose
relieves pain and reduces sleep
federal narcotics are
any drug that is socially unacceptable
most common opiate
heroine
examples of synthetic opiates
oxycontin, methadone, codeine, fentanyl
examples of hallucinogens
Marijuana, LSD, PCP
how many Americans have tried marijuana? how many use regualrly
More than 43 million Americans have tried it
Half use on a regular basis
what is marijuana derived from
cannabis plant
who produced LSD
accidentally by Albert Hofmann
LSD symptoms
vivid hallucinations last 12 hours
anxiety, tension, laughing, crying
PCP is also known as
angel dust
symptoms of PCP
severe depression or violent tendencies
Barbiturates also known as
downers
barbiturates side effects
Relaxation, sense of well-being, drowsiness
anti anxiety examples
Ex: Xanax and Valium
what side effects to rohypnol and ketamine produce
Muscle relaxation, loss of consciousness and memory
when did they make anabolic steroids illegal
1991
male effects of anabolic steroid usage
infertility, decreased sex drive, increased anger and violence
female effects of anabolic steroid usage
growth of body hair
Marijuana
Routes of administration
roots, oil, inhalation, oral, smoked, etc
social dose of marijuana
low-level, typical use
Initial: increased restlessness and hilarity
Follow-Up: carefree state, increase hunger
Moderate/High Dose of marijuana effects
intensified social effects
very high dose of marijuana effects
intense hallucinations
potential medical use of marijuana
use for cancer treatment, alleviates eye pressure in glaucoma
most widely abused drug in the US
alcohol
classification of alcohol
ethyl alcohol
how many gallons of alcohol are produced annually in the US? how much revenue does this make?
1 billion gallons
90 million people pay $40 billion
process of marijuana entering the body
Enters the bloodstream and quickly travels to the brain
Suppresses thought and coordination
behavioral pattern of alcohol depends on 3 factors
Social setting
Amount consumed
Personal expectation
low dose effects of alcohol
Inhibition of mental processes
Expansive personality
moderate dose effects of alcohol
Inhibition of coordination, speech, reaction time
Impaired ability to walk or drive
high dose effects of alcohol
Unconscious, fatal depression of circulatory and respiratory function
amphetamines also known as
uppers
speed
amphetamines effects
Sense of well-being, increased alertness, decrease in fatigue and hunger
Restlessness and apprehension
smokable form of amphetamine
ice
most serious form of amphetamine
IV methamphetamine
who first experimented with cocaine
Sigmund Freud
cocaine is extracted from
erythroxylon coca plant
crack
cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated
crack is sold as
rocks
how is crack administered
smoked
crack effects
Euphoria fades quickly; paranoia
regular users of crack/cocaine experience
Restlessness, irritability, anxiety
how do cocaine users die
from seizures or respiratory arrest
Severity of penalty of drug deals is associated with
weight of drug or concentration in mixture
drug control Laws are outgrowths of
Federal and local law enforcement
Moral and political philosophies
Controlled substances act: federal law depends on
Potential for abuse
Dependence
Medical value
Extremely flexible
how are drugs classified
schedule I, II, etc. with manufacturing quotas set by attorney general
schedule I
very high potential for abuse
No accepted medical use
Marijuana, heroin
schedule II
high potential for abuse
Available medically with severe restrictions
Opium, amphetamines
schedule III
less potential for abuse
Accepted for medical treatment
All barbiturates, some codeine, suboxone
schedule IV
low potential for abuse, may lead to dependency
Medically accepted
Valium, Xanax
schedule V
low potential for abuse
Usually non-narcotics
Robitussin AC
4 steps of drug collection evidence
Package and label
Prevent cross contamination
Demonstrate chain of custody
Identify any field tests done
drug analysis divided into two phases
screening test
confirmation
screening test
nonspecific, reduces number of possibilities to what the drug could be
confirmation test
specifically identifies substance
Qualitative reasoning
only the identity of the material (confirmation of specific drug)
Quantitative reasoning:
percent composition (number value)
what test is used for preliminary testing
color
Marquis test
turns purple for heroin and morphine
Dillie-koppanyi test
violet blue for barbiturates
Duquenois-levine test
turns purple for marijuana, but you have to mix with chloroform
van-urk test
bluish-purple for LSD
Scott test
blue, then pinkish-clear for cocaine
Microcrystalline test
more specific than color tests
Microcrystalline test process
Place drug on slide
Add chemical reagent
Chemical reaction = precipitate
Chromatography
Separating and tentatively identifying the compounds of a mixture
Chromatography theory
chemical substances tend to partially escape into the surrounding environment when dissolved in a liquid
thin layer chromatography uses
solid stationary phase and moving liquid phase
Thin Layer Chromatography
Rapid and sensitive→ you need less than 100 micrograms of drug
Numerous samples analyzed simultaneously
Primarily used for complex mixtures
NOT considered definitive identification
Thin Layer Chromatography process
Prepare glass plate using silica gel→ almost like a thick version of jello/rubber
Capillary tube to deposit small drops at edge
Place plate into liquid
Liquid rises→ capillary action
View with UV light or spray
Solve for Rf value
Gas chromatography
Separates mixtures based on their distribution between a stationary liquid phase and a moving gas phase
Carrier gas (moving phase) → flows through the column of the machine
Stationary phase (liquid phase)
Retention Time
time it takes for mixture to leave the column in gas chromatography
Spectrophotometry
Identifies substances by exposing it to a specific type of EM radiation
Spectrophotometer
produces a graph as a function of wavelength
Ultraviolet spectrophotometry
probable identity of drug through elimination
Infrared spectrophotometry
gives exact fingerprint of the substance
