Extra From Study Guide Flashcards
What is carbachol?
Treats closed angle glaucoma by stimulating iris sphincter (chol agonist)
Bethanechol is a cholinergic-muscarinic-agonist that treats ____
Urinary retention
What kind of a drug is propantheline (pro-banthene)?
Anti-muscarinic like atropine and scopolamine.
Treats parkinsons, motion sickness, urinary urgency.
What is trihexylphenedyl?
An anti-muscarinic used to treat parkinsons. Decreases salivary output.
What kind of a drug is labetolol?
Mixed a1 and b antagonist
What is edrophonium?
Readily reversible cholinesterase inhibitor
What is dobutamine?
Adrenergic agonist
Name the classic ASDs and newer ASDs.
Classic ASDs: phenytoin, carbamazepine, clonazepam, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, valproic acid
Newer ASDs: gabapentin, lamotrigene, felbamate, topiramate, pregabalin, rufinamide
What ASD causes Hirsuitism? What is hirsuitism?
Phenytoin
Hirsuitism is excessive hair in abnormal locations
Which ASDs cause GI upset, sedative effects, ataxia, rare skin eruptions?
Most ASDs
Which ASDs cause alopecia? What is alopecia?
Valproic acid
Sudden patchy hair loss
Which ASDs cause rare hepatitis?
Phenytoin
Valproic acid
Carbamazepine
Which ASDs are the best for partial seizures (simple, complex, secondarily generalized)?
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Topiramate
Valproic acid
Which ASDs are best for generalized onset tonic clonic seizures?
Valproic acid
Topiramate
What drugs are used for status epilepticus?
Diazepam
Phenytoin
What is benztropine?
Anticholinergic used for Parkinson’s patients to help dry sialorrhea
What is selegiline?
MAO inhibitor. Decreases metabolism of DA which means you wont have to take L-dopa as soon.
Side effects: dysgeusia, bruise, sublingual oral ulcerations, burning in lips.
What is pramipexole?
D2 receptor agonist
Used at early onset of parkinsons
Doesn’t metabolize into something that makes ROS
Longer half-life, so more even levels of DA throughout the day
Better absorption and transport
Directly stimulates the striatal neurons (doesn’t have to be metabolized into DA first)
___% of GABA cells are lost in Huntingtons
90%
Haldol is a ___ antagonist.
Dopamine (D2)
What is olanzepine?
Not a D2 selective antipsychotic but rather an atypical antipsychotic, it has a better side effect profile and targets serotonin more
What is reserpine?
Used for DA depletion (for huntingtons)
Blocks release of DA by blocking VMAT. Affects other Monoamine as as wells such as serotonin.
What are the types of drugs that are used to treat Alzheimer’s?
Drugs that increase cholinergic activity
Dolzepine - AChE inhibitor
MS is typically found in individuals in __ years of age
<50
What are three types of drugs that may be used to manage the relapses associated with MS?
Prednisone - lots of side effects (like Cushings disease)
Interferons - expensive
Methyltrexate - also used for cancer suppression (not used often)
Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects neuromuscular junctions. What are two drugs that are used to treat Myasthenia Gravis? Describe these drugs.
Prostigmine
Neostigmine
These are AChE inhibitors
Name 3 different enkephalins.
Methionine
Enkephalin
Levine enkephalin
What is piroxicam?
Non selective ibuprofen-like NSAID
What is hematemesis?
Vomiting blood from peptic/duodenal ulcer disease
This is a contradiction for the use of NSAIDs
Opioid narcotics, for the most part are schedule ___ controlled substances
2
Aspirin + oxycodone = ___?
OxyContin / percodan
Name 2 antidepressants that can be used for managing neuropathic pain.
Duloxetin
Nortriptyline
Define misuse in regards to prescription medications
Either not prescribed or clinically inappropriate (ignorance or being sloppy)
Describe the addiction cycle for prescription drugs.
1 - relieve medical condition (many patients are at risk before treatment)
2 - DA release
3 - physical dependence develops
4 - tolerance w/ lengthy use
5 - patient uses various strategies to maintain drug supply (often illegal)
Where is a person addicted to prescription drugs most likely to get their drugs?
Friends and family (66%)
Their prescriptions (19%) Buy on the street (12%) Dealer (8%) Internet purchases (minor) Steal
What does SBIRT stand for? (In regards to Rx abuse)
Screening, brief interview, intervention and referral to treatment.
This is a way to assess and monitor.
75% wont require anymore screening, 25% will
What is DOPL?
Division of occupational and professional licensing.
There is a database that you have access to as a clinician to look up the patient and see how many previous prescriptions they have and who prescribed them.
Name two phenothiazines (older antipsychotics)
Chlorpromazine
Thioridizine
Which antipsychotic drug has more extrapyramidal side effects, phenothiazines or butyrophenones?
Butyrophenones (haloperidol)
True or false.. atypical antipsychotics are better at treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia than positive symptoms
True
Name two MAOIs
Phenelzine
Selegiline
These are anti-depressants. May interact with foods that contain tyramine (cheese and beer) causing strong sympathomimetic effects
Name three tricyclic antidepressants
Amitriptyline
Desipramine
Doxepine
Name two monoamine uptake blockers
Fluoxetine (Prozac) (SSRI - its a seratonin selective uptake blocker)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Name two NE or mixed transport blockers (antidepressants)
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
Duloxetine (also approved for neuropathic pain)
Note that these cause weight LOSS instead of weight gain like Prozac
Do benzodiazepines affect GABA A or GABA B most?
GABA A
Which barbiturate drug is used for short term anesthesia induction, which is used long term for seizures?
Short term anesthesia induction - pentobarbital
Long term seizures - phenobarbital
What is atomoxetine (straterra)?
NE uptake inhibitor for the treatment of ADHD
Down’s syndrome is trisomy ___. They have a shortened life expectancy typically due to abnormalities in the __.
21
Heart
What id Edward syndrome?
Trisomy 18
Causes mental impairment, small head, and micrognathia
Stimulation of D1 by DA will cause ___
Stimulation of D2 by DA will cause ___
Vasodilation in the kidney and heart
Nausea and decreased sympathetic release
True or false… clonidine increases aqueous humor production
False.. it decreases it
Which of the following receptors regulate renin section?
Alpha 1
Alpha 1
Beta 1
Beta 2
Beta 1
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis is regulated by what receptors?
Alpha
Beta 2
Apocrine and eccrine glands are regulated by what receptors?
Alpha and muscarinic respectively
Which of the following conditions is sometimes seen in the elderly as a problem of the sympathetic rather than the parasympathetic nervous system?
Constipation
Orthostatic hypotension
Urinary retention
Dry eyes
Orthostatic hypotension
