Extra Credit Flashcards
Functionally, our neurons associated with the posterior roots of the spinal cord are considered _________ neurons. Their cell bodies would be primarily located in the _________________.
-motor; anterior gray horns
-sensory; spinal ganglia
-sensory; posterior gray horns
-motor; spinal ganglia
-sensory; anterior gray horns
-motor; posterior gray horns
sensory; spinal ganglia
Select the accurate statement about the meninges.
-The spinal cord is divided into left and right halves by the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli; both of which are formed by the dura mater
-The arachnoid dura mater surrounds the epidural space which is not seen in the spine
-The pia mater is the most superficial of the meninges
-The spinal and cranial meninges are continuous with each other
-The dural venous sinuses are formed by the pia mater.
The spinal and cranial meninges are continuous with each other
Which of the following helps prevent damage to the spinal cord? Select all that apply.
-Dural folds
-Denticulate ligaments
-Cerebrospinal fluid
-Filum terminale
-Adipose in epidural space
-Cranial bones
-Denticulate ligaments
-Cerebrospinal fluid
-Filum terminale
-Adipose in epidural space
A few years ago, Dr. Staley’s father had a stroke. This left him with permanent, partial vision loss (he is unable to see objects to the lower left in both of his eyes). He has no problem with visual memories. Where in his brain did the damage occur? Select ALL that apply.
Hint: One of the challenges with studying the brain is we are looking at things at different levels (for e.g., 4 major brain regions versus the structural and/or functional areas within them). This type of question is asking you to think about all of those different levels with respect to the associated problem.
-cerebellum
-temporal lobe
-visual cortex
-parietal lobe
-occipital lobe
-visual association area
-corporo quadrigemina
-cerebrum
-visual cortex
-occipital lobe
-cerebrum
Which of the following would you expect to have the GREATEST impact on a person’s survival?
-Severing of the spinal cord in the lumbar region
-Damage to a spinal root
-Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
-Overactive basal nuclei
-Severe damage to the medulla oblongata
Severe damage to the medulla oblongata
If you were to trace a drop of cerebrospinal fluid from where it is produced in the third ventricle to where it is returned to circulation, which of the following would be a possibly correct path it could take?
-Choroid plexus → interventricular foramen → third ventricle → central canal → fourth ventricle
-Choroid plexus → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space → dural venous sinuses
-Blood-brain barrier → fourth ventricle → interventricular foramen → cerebral aqueduct →central canal
-Dural venous sinuses → subarachnoid space → fourth ventricle → interventricular foramen → choroid plexus
-Central canal → subarachnoid space → choroid plexus → fourth ventricle → interventricular forament
Choroid plexus → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space → dural venous sinuses
If you were to trace the flow of information from the spinal cord to a skeletal muscle in the arm, which of the following would be correct?
-Anterior horns → anterior rami → anterior roots → spinal nerve → cervical plexus
-Posterior roots → posterior horns → spinal nerve → anterior rami → lumbar plexus
-Lateral horns → anterior horns → spinal nerve → posterior rami → brachial plexus
-Anterior horns → anterior roots → spinal nerve → anterior rami → brachial plexus
-Posterior horns → posterior roots → spinal nerve → posterior rami → brachial plexus
Anterior horns → anterior roots → spinal nerve → anterior rami → brachial plexus
In which region of the spinal cord could you find segments that have both a lateral horn AND are associated with an enlargement?
-cauda equina
-cervical
-thoracic
-lumbar
-sacral
Lumbar
Dr. Staley’s paternal grandmother had muscle weakness throughout her life due to a childhood infection with poliovirus (which causes inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord leading to motor nuclei being damaged). Additionally, she had Parkinson’s disease, which is characterized by difficulty starting or stopping movements.
Based on this information, Dr. Staley’s grandmother likely had problems with which TWO parts of her central nervous system?
-Occipital lobe
-Posterior gray horns of the spinal cord
-Broca’s area
-Anterior gray horns of the spinal cord
-Substantia nigra
-Spinal ganglia
-Anterior gray horns of the spinal cord
-Substantia nigra
If following a traumatic brain injury an individual has difficulties with speech production and impulse control, what part of the cerebrum might be damaged?
-cerebellum
-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-occipital lobe
-Wernicke’s area
-Midbrain
Frontal lobe
Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?
-Gustatory cortex - receives olfactory information
-Primary somatosensory cortex - initiates the majority of voluntary movements
-Primary motor cortex - receives and sends visual information
-Somatosensory association cortex - allows you to take information about how an object feels and determine what it is without seeing it
-Frontal eye field - speech production and comprehension
Somatosensory association cortex - allows you to take information about how an object feels and determine what it is without seeing it
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
-The four major regions of the brain are the cerebellum, diencephalon, medulla oblongata, and midbrain.
-In specific locations in the brain such as the hypothalamus the blood-brain barrier is incomplete.
-The cerebral hemispheres display lateralization.
-The normal fluctuations in ion concentrations that occur in the interstitial fluids of the body would negatively impact the ability of the brain to function.
-The prefrontal cortex and Broca’s area are considered integrative centers.
The four major regions of the brain are the cerebellum, diencephalon, medulla oblongata, and midbrain.
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?
-Midbrain - autonomic centers for cardiovascular and respiratory systems
-Hypothalamus - maintenance of homeostasis, production of hormones, and control of emotions (i.e., is part of the limbic system)
-Primary motor cortex - initiates voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle fibers
-Cerebrum - conscious thought processes and higher intellectual functions
-Amygdala - integration of emotion and memory
Midbrain - autonomic centers for cardiovascular and respiratory systems
How would you classify a tactile receptor associated with the skin? Select ALL that apply.
-Associated with special senses
-Baroreceptor
-Exteroreceptor
-Propioreceptor
-Interoreceptor
-Mechanoreceptor
-Thermoreceptor
-Associated with general senses
-Exteroreceptor
-Mechanoreceptor
-Associated with general senses
All receptors have a characteristic specificity and receptive field. Nociceptors are free nerve endings and consequently would have ___________ (high OR low) receptor specificity and ____________________ receptive fields.
-high; small
-low; small
-high; variably-sized (depending on location in the body)
-low; variably-sized (depending on location in the body)
-high; large
-low; large
low; variably-sized (depending on location in the body)
