Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YEAR 2 H&S > EXTRA CARDS FROM IBC AND 3RD YEARS NOTES > Flashcards

EXTRA CARDS FROM IBC AND 3RD YEARS NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

What causes differences in childhood health abroad?

A 
access to healthcare
immunisation programmes
sanitation levels
quality of diet
welfare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the aims of the National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services?

A

Sets national standards for the first time for children’s health and social care,
which promote high quality, women and child-centred services and personalised care that meets the needs of parents, children and their families
e.g. tackle health inequalities, improves access to services, focuses on early interventions, promotes physical/mental/social wellbeing, promotes healthy lifestyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is SureStart?

A

A UK government based initiative with the aim of “giving children the best possible start in life” through improvement of childcare, early education, health and family support, with an emphasis on outreach and community development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some techniques for talking with children?

A 
using age appropriate vocabulary
turn taking when trying to elicit information
eye contact
maintain a sense of humour 
use body language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the current issues with HIV interventions?

A

Africa’s struggle with debt
under resourced global funds
lack of political commitment
reluctance to address issues of sexuality and reproduction
criminalization of key populations that are at the highest risk of HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some problems to families caused by HIV?

A

children becoming care givers or made orphans or homeless or lack schooling
substantial psychological distress and discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the rule of rescue?

A

the moral imperative to rescue identified individuals in immediate peril, regardless of cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

give an example of a diagnosis decision support?

A

Ottawa ankle rules - a decision aid for excluding fractures of the mid-ankle and foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whats the difference between allocative and technical efficiency?

A

allocative - investing in worthwhile interventions

technical - investing the interventions that make the best of scarce resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is SF-36?

A

a short form health survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some ways in which we can measure outcomes of health interventions?

A

SF-36
EQ-5D
health surveys
QUALYs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some factors that affect the transplantation options?

A 
availability of organ
waiting list
compliance with anti rejection meds
likelihood of organ abuse
likelihood of effective transplantation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a knowledge-based error?

A

forming the wrong intentions as a result of inadequate knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a rule-based error?

A

applying the wrong rule at a familiar pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a skills-based error?

A

A skill based error is when you make an error because your attention is diverted. This is often associated with familiar tasks that require little conscious attention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a routine violation?

A

regularly performed shortcuts due to poor system design which is accepted overtime and has become normalised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a reasoned violation

A

deviation from protocol with good reason due to… time constraints, abnormal conditions or patient’s best interests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are reckless violations?

A

deliberate deviations from protocol where harm is foreseeable and ignored, although not intended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are malicious violations?

A

deliberate deviation from protocol with intention to cause harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are complementary/alternative therapies?

A

When a non-mainstream practice is used together with conventional medicine, it’s considered “complementary”.
When a non-mainstream practice is used instead of conventional medicine, it’s considered “alternative”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are some examples of where NICE has recommended completemntaru therapies on the NHS?

A

the Alexander technique for Parkinson’s disease
ginger and acupressure for reducing morning sickness
manual therapy for lower back pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are some CAM examples?

A 
acupuncture
chiropractic
herbal medicine
homeopathy
osteopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is acupuncture?

A

a system of complementary medicine in which fine needles are inserted in the skin at specific points along what are considered to be lines of energy (meridians), used in the treatment of various physical and mental conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is chiropractic?

A

a treatment where a practitioner called a chiropractor uses their hands to help relieve problems with the bones, muscles and joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is homeopathy?

A

ailments are treated by minute doses of natural substances that in larger amounts would produce symptoms of the ailment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is osteopathy?

A

emphasizes physical manipulation of the body’s muscle tissue and bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

why is the incidence of food poisoning rising?

A 
changes in lifestyle and eating habits
less time given to preparing food
eating out more
changes in food processing
extended shelf lives
pre prepped food
changes in agricultural practices
improves reporting and diagnostic techniques
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the pros for using preimplantation genetic diagnosis and IVF to create a deaf child?

A

deafness is only disabling because of the way society is organised
couples often choose sperm donors based on characteristics, how is this any different
the parents may feel they can support the child better if it is deaf
deafness disrcimination if this is not permitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the cons for using preimplantation genetic diagnosis and IVF to create a deaf child?

A

open future argument - maybe being deaf wont allow them the widest range of possibilities for the future
deafness is disabling
it would not be permissible to deafen a foetus deliberately and this procedure amounts to the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are some barriers to using research evidence in decision making?

A

no financial incentive
time constraints
clinical uncertantiy
overconfidence in own competence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is distancing?

A

to avoid the stress of breaking bad news, doctors may normalise the consequences of a diagnosis or falsely reassure the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are strategies for dealing with anger from patients?

A

recognise and acknowledge the emotion
remain calm
do not dismiss it
apologise and express empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why was the polio vaccine changes from oral to injection?

A

IPV is safer than OPV as its not a live vaccine
OPV is more effective but less safe so now that the worldwide incidence of polio has decreased, its more ethical to use iPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how might measuring BMI in school children be used?

A

overweight and underweight can be identified and parents notified so they can take appropriate action
schools can take actions to tackle obesity
the important of obesity can be highlighted in the community
local obesity measures can be calculated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is epidemiology

A

the study of determinants and distribution of health and disease to better understand and control health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is medical professionalism?

A

a set of values, behaviours and relationships that underpin the trust the patient has in doctors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

whats the difference between act and rule utilitarianism?

A

Act utilitarianism is the belief that an action becomes morally right when it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people, while Rule utilitarianism is the belief that the moral correctness of an action depends on the correctness of the rules that allows it to achieve the greatest good.

e.g. killing hitler because it does the greatest good would be morally acceptable by act utilitarianism but any killing would be wrong in rule utilitarianism

38
Q

what are some consequences of poor doctor patient relationship?

A 
more complaints
inaccurate diagnosis
less recognition of ICE
decreased patient satisfaction
non adherence with care or regimes
decreased patient satisfaction
39
Q

what is a doctor patient relationship?

A

a consensual relationship in which the patient knowingly seeks the physicians assistance and in which the physician knowingly accepts the person as a patient

40
Q

what was the paternalistic model of the doctor patient relationship?

A

an asymmetric role with an active doctor and passive, compliant patient seeking help

41
Q

why is medicine so uncertain?

A

different people react to the same situation in different ways
there may be insufficient information available to assist with accurate diagnosis
you may not know what. patient wants
you may have difficulty applying the knowledge you have to a specific patient

42
Q

why is evidence based medicine so important?

A

its a way of dealing with uncertainty
medical knowledge is incomplete
medical facts are ever expanding
constant need for innovation and imporvement
improves clinical care by ensuring the most approrpiate treatment is given
increases efficiency
reduces variations in healthcare practice

43
Q

what is illness behaviour?

A

any actions or reactions of an individual who feels unwell for the purpose of defining their state of health and obtaining physical or emotional relief from perceived or actual illness.

44
Q

whats the difference between equality and equity?

A

equality is promoting fairness by giving everyone the same thing but this only works if everyone starts from the same place

equity is about fairness by making sure people get access to the same opportunities. We must first ensure equity before we can enjoy equality

45
Q

what is inclusion health?

A

a research, service and policy agenda that aims to prevent and redress health and social inequities among the most vulnerable and marginalised people in a community. This includes people who are homeless, Gypsies and travellers, sex workers and vulnerable migrants.

46
Q

what are the 7 domains for multiple deprivation?

A 
income
employment
education
health
crime
housing
environment
47
Q

what is self care?

A

the process of taking care of oneself with behaviors that promote health and active management of illness when it occurs.

48
Q

what factors affect transmission of communicable diseases?

A 
population density
sanitation 
vaccination coverage
deprivation and poverty
access to healthcare
travel
49
Q

what are some common hospital acquired infections?

A 
c.diff
MRSA
CPE
legionella pneumophila
norovirus
hospital acquired pneumonia
catheter associated UTI
surgical site infection
50
Q

why are hospital acquired infections so prevalent?

A

high density setting
immunosuppressed patients
illness
invasive procedures

51
Q

what are some determinants of global health?

A 
governance
education
occupation
social cohesion
income
policy
cultural and societal norms
gender
ethnicity and race
behaviours
psychosocial factors
52
Q

why are there global differences in health?

A

inequalities in GDP funding on healthcare
difference in workforce and burden of disease
unequal effects of climate change
inequalities in health research

53
Q

when was the smallpox epidemic? how many did it kill?

A

in 1870 to 1874,

42,000 deaths

54
Q

what are some clinicians worries for breaking bad news?

A

uncertainty about patients expectations
fear of destroying. hope
embarrassment about having previously painted too optimistic picture for the patient

55
Q

what are some distancing strategies?

A 
avoidance
normalization
premature reassurance
false reassurance
switching
jollying along
56
Q

what are some changes in appearance caused by medical conditions that may change body image?

A

stoma
hair loss
cachexia

57
Q

as prevalence decreases, how will positive and negative predictive values change?

A

positive predictive values decrease

negative predictive values increase

58
Q

what are some groups less likely to engage with screening?

A

low socioeconomic groups
ethnic minorities
transgender
disabilities

59
Q

what are some barriers to screening?

A 
fear
cultural barriers
too busy
language
misconceptions 
not knowing how to get an appointment
lack of transport
childcare
60
Q

whats the importance of blame culture?

A

leads to individuals covering up errors of fear of retribution which leads to normalisation of deviance as staff are unaware

61
Q

how can we improve patient safety?

A

increase staffing to patient ratio
create a patient safety culture
electronic early recognition of deteriorating patient
standardise approaches to high risk patients
promote safer prescribing
promote hand hygeine

62
Q

what is the 90/10 gap?

A

less than 10% of worldwide resources devoted to health research were put towards health in developing countries where over 90% of all preventable deaths worldwide occurred

63
Q

how can we fix the 90/10 gap?

A

regulation of the quality of imported food, meds, manufactured goods
getting timely access to info about the global spread of infectious diseases
procurement of sufficient vaccine and drug supplies in a pandemic
ensuring a sufficient corps of well-trained health personnel

64
Q

what general intervention strategies are possible for HIV/AIDS?

A

introduction of blood donor and product screening
promotion and distribution of condoms at affordable prices
education for high risk groups
promotion of safer sexual behaviour at the population level
diagnosis and treatment of STDs

65
Q

what websites can be used to find out if a patient needs travel vaccines?

A

NHS fitfortravel

the national travel health network and centre

66
Q

what are 2 features of case-control studies that distinguish them from other research designs?

A

retrospective data collection
starting point is people with a condition matched with people without the condition from the same population
Tries to understand the causes of the condition

67
Q

what is confounding?

A

an apparent relationship between an exposure and an outcome that is false because of another unknown variable which is affecting both other variables

68
Q

whats the purpose of controls in case-control studies?

A

to offer a comparison group comprising of people from the same population but without the outcome of interest. It allows us to analyse the differential exposure to causative factors in the 2 groups.

69
Q

why are RCTs the studies least subjected to bias?

A

in an RCT groups are likely to be similar with respect to known and unknown determinants of outcome due to randomisation. This means we can be confident that any observed differences in outcome are due to the intervention
intention to treat analysis
blinding - prevents performance bias and assessor bias

70
Q

what is evidence based decision making?

A

the process of identifying and using the most up to date and relevant evidence to inform decisions for individual patient problems

71
Q

what are the 2 most effective developments in healthcare to protect the population health?

A

access to clean water

vaccination

72
Q

what factors influence the utility of vaccination?

A 
disease burden
risk of exposure
reactions to previous doses
other ways of controlling the disease
cost
73
Q

what are the social consequences of speech and communication difficulties?

A

not being able to express yourself
takes a lot of effort to communicate so can be tiring
frustarting
may not be able to participate in activities they used to enjoy

74
Q

what percentage of carers dont receive enough support?

A

43%

75
Q

which travel vaccines are free on the NHS?

A

polio
typhoid
hep A
cholera

76
Q

what is distributive justice?

A

how we distribute resources that are finite in a fair way

77
Q

what are some ways in which you can decide how to distribute healthcare?

A 
QUALY
waiting lists
likelihood of complying with treatment
lifestyle choices of patient
ability to pay
78
Q

what is confidentiality?

A

pledge of agreement not to divulge or disclose information about patients to others

79
Q

why Is it important to maintain confidentiality?

A 
improves trust between patient and doctor
respects autonomy
prevents patient harm
virtuoud
human rights act
GMC requirement
80
Q

Name some statutes that oblige doctors to disclose confidential information?

A

public health act 1984
road traffic act 1988
prevention of terrorism act 1989

81
Q

what systems are in place in the NHS to try to prevent errors from occuring?

A

national patient safety agency
national reporting and learning system
MHRA

82
Q

what is puerperium?

A

the postnatal period. 6-8 weeks after childbirth

83
Q

what are the main aims of antenatal care?

A

monitor progress of pregnancy
to exchange information that promotes choice e.g. lifestyle, birth place
recognise deviations from norm
prepare parents for birth and parenthood

84
Q

which mental health problems may be experienced in the postnatal period?

A

the blues 50-80%
postnatal depression
puerperal psychosis

85
Q

what are the rules for whether people can drive with epilepsy?

A 
group 1 (cars, motorbikes) - seizure free for 12 months
group 2 (bigger vehicles) - seizure free for 10 years and have not taken epilepsy medicines for this time either (if it was a one off seizure then you just have to refrain from driving for 5 years)

you can drive if you have only had seizures in sleep, have had seizures that haven’t affected their conciousness

86
Q

what are the barriers to having CAMs on NHS?

A

regulators issues
mixed evidence of effectiveness
tribalism
resistance to change

87
Q

which CAM is used mostly for MSK issues?

A

osteopathy

88
Q

what is the effectiveness gap?

A

the difference between the outcomes received within randomized controlled trials and those observed in real-word clinical practice

89
Q

how do you calculate expected utility?

A

utility value x probability

90
Q

who is specialised palliative care for?

A

patients with unresolved symptoms and complex psychosocial issues with complex and of life and bereavement issues

91
Q

what is ‘total pain’/

A

the recognition of pain as being physical, psychological, social and spiritual

92
Q

what is pathological grief?

A

extended grief reactions where you get stuck in one of the phases
a sign may be exhibiting mummification

YEAR 2 H&S (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions