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Extra bacteria and topic information Flashcards

1
Q

coagulase negative staphylococci and some characteristics

A

all normal skin flora
Staphylococcus hominis - opportunistic pathogen
S. hemolyticus - causes sepsis,endocarditis, Beta hemolytic
S. lugdunesis - endocarditis

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2
Q

Streptococcus genus characteristics

A
  • either alpha or beta hemolytic
  • lancefield carbohydrate antigen classification (not strep pneumo or viridans)
  • all catalase negative!!
  • most are faculative anerobes
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3
Q

oral streptococci and cariogenisis

A
  • the viridans group - typically are alpha hemolytic strep that are resistant to optochin and bile insoluble
  • this group is S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, and S. mitis.
  • caries are produced when S. mutans secretes dextran and levan to attach to the enamel, causing destruction of the enamel and dentin via the production of acid. if not stopped/removed, the invasive bacteria can enter the blood stream, causing endocarditis of heart valves.
  • lactobascillus may or may not be involved
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4
Q

virulence factors and symptoms of strep pneumoniae

A 
capsule
hyaluroniase
DNAse
IgA protease
pneumolysin - RBC lysis

symptoms MOPS 
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
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5
Q

anaerobic gram negative a positive bacteria and some characteristics

A

gram neg - bacteroides, fusobacterium - normal flora of mouth, skin, GI. more commonly in formula fed infants.causes endogenous infections

gram positive - peptostreptococcus anaerobius- normal flora of mouth , skin, GI. these cause abscesses, cellulitis, PID, etc infections

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6
Q

salmonella genus and salmonellaosis

A

enterobacteriae family, over 2000 types but enteritidis and typhi are the most common. there are 1500 sereotypes of those alone.

salmonellaosis is from salmonella enteritidis mainly - causes gastroenteritis in otherwise healthy people and can become invasive and cause sepsis in young, old or immunocompromised.

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7
Q

providencia and morganella genus

A

they used to belong to the Proteus genus because they cause the same diseases. pretty much the same thing, treatment, etc

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8
Q

the salmonella typhi vaccine is what

A

a killed vaccine that causes active immunization

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9
Q

what are the species names of the shigella genus?

A

shigella sonnei, shigella dysenteriae, shigells boydii

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10
Q

shigella has a direct effect on the GI besides the invasion aspect

A

leads to microabsecces in the wall of the colon and necrosis, leading to pseudomemebrane formation

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11
Q

the yersinia genus has one strange enzyme activity, what is it?

A

lactose negative BUT ONPG positive because it has Beta-galactosidase activity

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12
Q

the buboes in Y. pestis is what?

A
  • when the flea bites you, it regurgitates the bacteria into the wound from the flea’s GI.
  • There the bacteria infect PMNs and multiply intracellularly and travel in the lymph to the lymph nodes.
  • the lymph nodes become enlarged and develop hemorrhagic necrosis => buboes
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13
Q

how is Y. pestis spread? It also causes which scary symptoms?

A

spread human to human through respiratory droplets, vector to human via flea bites. hemorrhagic pneumonia and hemorrhagic meningitis

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14
Q

Campylobacter jejuni has what shape, physical characteristic? What does this characteristic imply

A
  • it’s comma shaped with a single flagella -> invasive
  • the invasiveness of it means that it multiplies in the small intestine (causing bloody diarrhea, cramps)
  • invades the epithelium –> enters the blood –> causes sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis
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15
Q

campylobacter jejuni causes what nervous system problem?

A

guillain-barre syndrome –> autoimmune process that causes ascending demyelination and paralysis

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16
Q

H pylori and campylobacter are grown on which media and pos for which tests?

A
  • oxidase and catalase positive
  • Skirrows media because they are microaerophilic that need 5% oxygen and 10% co2
  • H. pylori is also urease pos (obviously)
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17
Q

vibrio cholerae enterotoxin does what?

A
  • It is an AB toxin that activates the Gs protein that thus activates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP
  • the inc cAMP inhibits the Na pumps, leading to salt and water hypersecretion
  • leads to dehydration, watery diarrhea, acidosis and shock
  • treat with rehydration therapy, 1 tsp NaCl and 4 tsp glucose
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18
Q

what is another vibrio species to know?

A

vibrio parahaemolyticus - from seafood, causes mild cholera symptoms

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19
Q

aeromonas (name on topic list)

A
  • gram negative facultative anaerobe rod
  • bloody diarrhea, wound infections
  • treat with ciprofloxacin
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20
Q

plesiomonas (name on topic list)

A
  • motile gram neg, oxidase pos
  • also seafood
  • also diarrhea
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21
Q

Stenotrophomonas (name on topic list)

A
  • is a random bacteria that is similar to pseudomonas in pathological symptoms, most commonly as a nosocomial infection with immunocompromised pts
  • Oxidase NEG!
  • pneumonia, urinary tract infection, or bloodstream infection
  • in immunocompromised patients, cystic fibrosis- latent pulmonary infections
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22
Q

burkholderia (name on topic list)

A

important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF)

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23
Q

acinetobacter (name on topic list)

A
  • aerobic, oxidase neg, gram neg coccobacilli
  • opportunistic - pneumonia, urinary tract infection, or bloodstream infection
  • frequently antibiotic resistant
24
Q

Alcaligenes faecalis

A
  • gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile
  • It is positive by the oxidase test and catalase test,
  • alpha-hemolytic and requires oxygen.
25
legionella is passed to people how? how does it begin infection?
- no human-to-human transmission - passed via aerosol inhalation via AC units. also common in moist enviro like water cooling systems, shower heads, etc - the bacterium is phagocytosed --> the phagosome-lysosome fusions fails and the phagosome does not acidify --> they multiply inside vacuole --> burst out of cell
26
Brucella species you should know
B. abortus- Cattle B. suis - deer, caribou, B. canis - dogs, foxes
27
brucella is spread how? how does it begin infection?
-milk products -direct skin contact with vector animal -bite from animal starts in lymphatic vessels --> nodes --> blood stream -->organs (replicates in cell to the point of cell swelling/lysis, causing enlargement of organs)
28
what serology test is important for brucella?
- wright reaction - tube agglutination that tests for specific antibodies in the pt serum - brucellin skin test
29
Francisella tularemia is contracted how? how does the disease progress?
- contact with rabbits and tick bites, can also be aerosolized! bioterror - enters macrophages --> travels in lymph --> goes to reticuloendothelial organs like lymph nodes --> forms cheesy necrotic granulomas - also causes fever, pneumonia, headache
30
F. tularensis has an important test and treatment
tularin skin test | Glycosides and attenuated vaccine as preventative measure
31
h. influenzae is asociated with which diseases?
- otitis media, sinusitis - pneumonia, epiglottitis - contact lens infections - meningitis with b antigen
32
bartonella causes which disease?
bacillary angiomatosis - raised vascular lesions cat scratch fever with lymphadenopathy subacute endocarditis
33
leptospirosis colonizes where?
renal tubules
34
Bacteroides - general stuff and disease
- gram negative anaerobic rod - causes intra abdominal infections - orofacial abscess, plaut-vincent disease (severe ulcerative gingivo-pharyngitis) - part of normal flora of vagina, colon - metronidazole
35
fusobacterium - general stuff
- gram neg anaerobic rods - normal flora of mouth, colon, external reproductive organs - causes intrabdominal infections (ulcerative colitis, appendicitis), absecces, pharygitis, lung infections (lung gangrene) - plaut-vincent disease (severe ulcerative gingivo-pharyngitis) - metronidazole
36
virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis
all encoded by plasmids - Poly-D glutamate capsule - protests against complement, phagocytosis - Edema factor- activates adenylate cyclase thus inc cAMP - protective factor - binding part of toxin - lethal factor - metalloproteinase, cleaves MAPK leading to cell death
37
types of anthrax physical disease
- cutaneous - necrotic skin lesions, papules, edema - pulmonary - hemorrhagic pneumonia, normally via aspiration of spores - GI - bloody diarrhea, lymphadenopathy - injection in iv drug users
38
other bacilli you should know?
bacillus cereus - gram pos spore forming rod, beta hemolytic, causes food poisoning, diarrhea (long incubation time, from rice) or vomiting (short incubation time, from meat and vegetables)
39
toxins of clostridium perfringens
- capsule - Alpha toxin - lecithinase, polyphospholipase c => damaged cell membrane, WBC and RBC lysis (double zone of hemolysis) and endothelial cell lysis --> vascular permeability and bleeding - beta toxin - necrotizing activity - epsilon toxin - increase vascular permeability of GI - enterotoxin - cause food poisoning with high mortality rate. bloody diarrhea, peritonitis, shock, necrotic lesions in jejunum
40
other types of clostridium species?
c. septicum (20%, alpha toxin) c. novyi (40%, alpha, beta, epsilon toxin) c. histolyticum (10-20%)
41
botulinum toxin has two subunits. Also how do you treat C. botulinum infection?
A - blocks Ach B - protects toxin from gastric acids! Treatment with anti-toxin
42
which test give you a real diagnosis of T. pallidum?
TPHA - t pallidum haemagglutination test | FTA - fluorescent treponemal antibodies
43
other types of treponema palldum
T. pallidum endemicum - spread via eating utensils, endemic in africa, asia, australia T pallidum pertenue - granulomatous disease, skin lesions in south america, central africa, SE asia T. carateum - spread via direct contact with skin lesions T. vincentii - with fusobacterium to cause vincent angina, ulcerative necrosis of the tonsils
44
borellia genus, 3 species
Borellia recurrentis - louse Borellia duttoni - tick Borellia burgdorferi - tick
45
the two lesser known borellia species
Borellia recurrentis - louse Borellia duttoni - tick both cause relapsing fever and are treated with tetracycline as well
46
Bordatella has 3 different species names
bordatella pertusis bordatella parapertusis B. bronchiseptica
47
bordatella has which toxins/virulence factors
fimbriae called filamentous hemagglutinin - attach to cells so toxins can be released - ribosylation of Gi --> inc cAMP - disable chemokine receptors in lymph tissue --> lymphocytosis - tracheal toxin cleaves cilia from epithelium - adenylate cyclase toxin (like edema factor) --> inc cAMP
48
three stages of whooping cough
catarrhal - non distinctive symptoms, flu like paroxysmal stage - coughing attacks, vomiting, lymphocytosis convalescent stage - diminished coughing, pneumonia
49
other species of corynebacterium
C. urealyticum - UTI, urease producer making struvite stone and renal stones C. ulcerans - also lads to diphtheria
50
Two tests for diphtheria and antibiotic tx
Romer probe - two guinea pigs, one with antitoxin, one without, get infected with diphtheria Elek test macrolide, penacillin
51
erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
gram positive, alpha hemolytic, catalase pos - present in land and sea animals - butchers typically get it - painful raised lesion formation - penicillin, macrolides
52
lactobacillus acidophilus
- gram positive rod, some strains are anaerobic - produces lactic acid - rarely pathogenic - grown at lower pH, tomato juice medium, blood agar - smells like yogurt - natural flora of the oral cavity, gut, vagina
53
Nocardia species
nocardia asteroides | nocardia brasiliensis
54
actinomyces 2 species
israelii | neaslundii
55
actinomyces causes causes which infections
- cervicofacial infections - thoracic due to aspirations of infectious material from teeth - abdominal from surgery, trauma or perforation GI disease - gingivitis - perforated IUD infections
56
atypical and nonpathogenic mycobacterium
- Mycobacterium avium - a group of species that cause disseminated and lung tbc, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. - Mycobacterium kansasii - cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy in immunocompromised ppl - Mycobacterium marinum is a free-living bacterium, which causes opportunistic infections in humans. M. marinum sometimes causes a rare disease known as aquarium granuloma, which typically affects individuals who work with fish or keep home aquariums. also nodules, skin ulcers

Y Microbiology (9 decks)

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