EXTRA

Question 1

What are the main components of arteries and their walls?

Answer 1

Arteries have three layers:
1. Tunica Intima: Innermost layer with endothelial cells and connective tissue.
2. Tunica Media: Middle layer with smooth muscle and elastic fibers for elasticity and contractility.
3. Tunica Externa: Outer layer with connective tissue anchoring arteries to surrounding structures.

Question 2

How do plaques form inside arteries, and what cardiovascular issues can they cause?

Answer 2

Plaques form from cholesterol and fatty deposits, narrowing arteries and causing atherosclerosis. They lead to:
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Chest pain and heart attacks.
- Strokes: Clots from ruptured plaques block blood flow to the brain.

Question 3

What do the different parts of an ECG trace represent at the heart itself?

Answer 3

• P Wave: Atrial contraction (depolarization).
• QRS Complex: Ventricular contraction (depolarization).
• T Wave: Ventricular relaxation (repolarization).
• PR Interval: Atrial depolarization to ventricular depolarization time.
• QT Interval: Ventricular depolarization to repolarization time.

Question 4

VO2 max normative data

Answer 4

males: V02max: 3.5Ldotmin-1
females: 2.5Ldotmin-1

Question 5

5 criteria for attaining VO2max

Answer 5

1. plateau in o2 uptake defined as an increase no more than 2ml.kg.min-1
2. a final RER of >1.15 (carbs as a fuel source)
3. acuievement of within ten BPM of ages predicted HRmax (220-age)
4. 4-5 minute post excercise BLa of >8mmo/L
5. RPE of 19-20

Question 6

excercise prescription for CVD

Answer 6

initial intensity of 11-13 on RPE scale, build uo to 14-17 on RPE scale, combinin aerobic and resistance training

Question 7

ageing- the life course

Answer 7

old age:
young old: 55-65
middleolf: 66-85
old old : over 85

Question 8

non modifiable risk factors of ageing

Answer 8

age itself
non- white ethnicity
being male or female
family history of disease

Question 9

medically modifiable risk factors of ageing

Answer 9

atrial fibrilation
obstructive sleep aponea
glucose metabolism disorder
increased BP
Metabolic syndrome
side effects of medication

Question 10

PA reccomendations for CYP

Answer 10

under 1 year: 30 minutes a day tummy time
1-4 years: 180 minutes a day
5-18 years: 60 minutes a day
CYP with disabilities: 20 minutes a day

Question 11

Population approach

Answer 11

Pratt et al
produce favourite shifts in population distributions by encouraging everyone to be more active

Question 12

High risk strategies

Answer 12

Pratt et al
Selective screening for risk factors, then theraputic interventions with the greates risk
inter and intra