Clinical conditions

Question 1

What are examples of non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)?

Answer 1

Age, gender, family history.

Question 2

Question: Name two medically modifiable risk factors for CVDs.

Answer 2

Hypertension and hyperlipidemia.

Question 3

What is a behaviourally modifiable risk factor for CVDs?

Answer 3

Sedentary lifestyle.

Question 4

Explain the pathophysiology of CVDs.

Answer 4

CVDs often involve atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowing and reduced blood flow.

Question 5

What are common comorbidities associated with CVDs?

Answer 5

Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, stroke.

Question 6

Provide an example of a marker of health and its normative value related to CVDs.
.

Answer 6

Blood pressure: normal range is typically 120/80 mmHg.

Question 7

Question: What types of physical activity or exercise are recommended for individuals with CVDs?

Answer 7

Aerobic exercise (e.g., walking, cycling), resistance training (e.g., light weights), flexibility exercises (e.g., yoga).

Question 8

Outline the steps to construct a physical activity/exercise program for individuals with CVDs.

Answer 8

Assess baseline fitness, set goals, choose appropriate exercises, monitor progress, adjust program as needed.

Question 9

How can collaboration with other professions benefit exercise professionals working with individuals with CVDs?

Answer 9

Collaborating with physicians, dietitians, and physical therapists can provide comprehensive care, including medical clearance, nutrition guidance, and rehabilitation support.

Question 10

Question: Name a contraindication to exercise for individuals with CVDs.

Answer 10

Unstable angina

Question 11

What are non-modifiable risk factors for cancer?

Answer 11

Age, gender, family history, genetics.

Question 12

Name a modifiable risk factor for cancer related to lifestyle.

Answer 12

Smoking.

Question 13

What are some common types of cancer?

Answer 13

Lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, skin cancer (melanoma), leukemia.

Question 14

How can individuals reduce their risk of cancer through lifestyle choices?

Answer 14

Avoid smoking, limit alcohol consumption, maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced diet, protect skin from sun exposure, engage in regular physical activity.

Question 15

Define obesity according to BMI.

Answer 15

Obesity is defined as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher.

Question 16

What are some health risks associated with obesity?

Answer 16

Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers, sleep apnea.

Question 17

Name two types of diabetes.

Answer 17

Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes.

Question 18

What distinguishes Type 1 diabetes from Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 18

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that requires insulin treatment, while Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and is often related to lifestyle factors.

Question 19

What are some exercise considerations for individuals with cancer?

Answer 19

Tailor exercise programs to individual needs and abilities, consider side effects of treatment, focus on gradual progression and monitoring.

Question 20

How can exercise benefit individuals with obesity?

Answer 20

Exercise helps to increase energy expenditure, preserve lean muscle mass, improve metabolic health, and contribute to weight loss when combined with a healthy diet.