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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

Don’t sa pay average.

A

say Repeat to Improve reliability.

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2
Q

dont say proportional say

A

pos correlation

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3
Q

How could a meteor colliding with the earth cause an earthquake

A

kinetic energy of meteor may cause earthquake, earthquakes happen where plates slide past,over,under away from eachother and the plates move suddenly. Meteor collsision causes seismic waves.

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4
Q

How do ultrasound waves detect fis

A

Ultrasound waves go donw through the water abd are reflected off the fish where they are recieved by the boat, time delay shows how deep they are

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5
Q

What are the advantages of using an xray machine?

A

oes not cause damage to healthy cells and is very portable, 3d image possible and uses non-ionising radiation. More suitable for bony structures.

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6
Q

How is a reflecting telescope different from the simple telescope which Galileo used?

A

Reflecting telescopes have mirrors whereas Galilean telescopes only have lenses. Reflecting telescope can gather more light and can have a larger objective. Image is viewed from the side of reflecting telescopes but it is viewed for the end of galilean telescopes.

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7
Q

How do optical fibres work.

A

Optical fibres bend, some carry light to the inside of the patient and some fibres transmit reflected lighr. Light passes up and down fibres by TIR and light is reflected inside the patient. This image is then analysed by a computer.

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8
Q

How is ultrasound used as a medical treatment for illness or injury.

A

Breaks/smashed/ Kidney stones and use of gel to prevent loss of intensity. Prenatal scan.

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9
Q

What happens to the wavelength of light when it passes from air into glass?

A

The wavelength decreases because the wavelength is the ratio of wave velocity to frequency and the wave velocity reduces but the frequency stays the same.

5

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10
Q

How does a reflecting telescope form an image of a distant object?

A

Uses a mirror which is concave.

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11
Q

What does the eyepiece of the telescope do?

A

It magnifies it.

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12
Q

What is the evidence for the geocentric model?

A

Idea of sun, moon, stars or planets moving across the sky in the same direcxtion. The pattern is repeated and appear to be going round earth every day.

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13
Q

What is the evidence against the geocentric model?

A

Moons of Jupiter orbit Jupiter, movement of sun is not the same each day. Planets do not move in a simple path and the move west to east.

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14
Q

What ultrasound would be the best to scan organs?

A

One with a higher intesnsity and less energy absrobed so it penetrates deepest.

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15
Q

What can UV cause?

A

Penetrating the skin causing skin cancer and mutating cells. Penetrates the eye and can damage cells in the eye causing cataracts.

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16
Q

What are some uses of fluoresence?

A

Used on items to assist in identification if stolen. Write a secret message on paper. On currency to identify forgery. Stamps on back of hand for an event.

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17
Q

xray.

A

At the airpot to check for illegal items. Checking welds or to examine under the surface. Sterilising food and hospital equipment.

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18
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

The energy stored by the chemical bonds between atoms.

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19
Q

Nuclear energy.

A

Energy stored in nucleus of atom. Released through radioactive decay.

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20
Q

What does temperature increase?

A

The energy in the kinetic store.

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21
Q

What properties of radioactive material would be good for treating cancers?

A

Emits alpha radiation as it is highly ionising and willl destroy the tumours. Alpha particles do not penetratr very far in the body/inserted close to the cancer. A long enough half life for the treatment to take aeffect but a short enough one that the pellets do not need to be removed.

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22
Q

Why do CT scans give a much higher dose of radiation that x rays?

A

CT scans last much longer and x rays are short exposure. Intesity of CT is higher and many 3d images.

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23
Q

UV

A

Damage eyes and cause skin cancer.

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24
Q

Water.

A

When ice melts there is a larger area of water so the temp rises and gets hotter as water reflects less than ice as it has more surface area.

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25
Q

How could you improve a box to increase amount of energy absorbed?

A

Paint it black/dull/matt or transparent. Use a reflector or insulate it.

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26
Q

What are the advantages of nuclear power?

A

Large fuel reserves that will last a long time. Produces large amounts of electrical energy and does not produce much/any carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide. Does not add to global warming and good safety record. Only small amount of fuel needed to produce large amount of energy/electricity. It is also reliable and continuous and creates employment/jobs. Conserves fossil fuel supplies.

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27
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear fuel?

A

Produces radioactive waste which can cause mutations in DNA. It is non renewable and it is difficult to transport nuclear material. Very hard and expensive to decommission/dispose the waste. Nuclear accidents can pollute large areas and it will last for a long time, for example Chernobyl. Mining and processing of the fuel can produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. Expensive to build and decommission nuclear power stations. They could be a target for terrorist attacks and they can be used to develop nuclear weapons by terrorists. Negative public perception.

28
Q

Old geocentric.

A

Naked eye observations, planets moving across sky in same direction.

29
Q

What does the CMB sugges

A

That the universe had a beginning.

30
Q

How could a student take better images of the sky?

A

Use longer exposure time while telescope locked onto star, move telescope to better seeing conditions, better quality objective lens or wider camera.

31
Q

A third student should measure reaction time.

A

.

32
Q

How does energy released in nuclear reactor cause turbine to be driven?

A

The reactor is surrounded by a coolant, the thermal energy released from chain reaction heats the coolant and the hot coolant is used to generate steam which is used to drive the turbine.

33
Q

What does temp increase?

A

The energy in the kinetic store.

34
Q

What is radiation?

A

Infrared.

35
Q

How could a student take better images of the sky?

A

Use longer exposure time while telescope locked onto star, move telescope to better seeing conditions, better quality objective lens or wider camera.

36
Q

What was geocentric due to?

A

Naked eye observations.

37
Q

What does CMB suggest?

A

That the universe had a beginning.

38
Q

What do normal stars become?

A

Red giants.

39
Q

What do bigger stars become?

A

Red super giants.

40
Q

How are radio waves produced?

A

Produced by electrons in electrical circuits or ariels.

41
Q

How are gamma rays produced?

A

Random due to decay of nucleus in atom or fusion or fission. Also caused by annihilation in PET scanners.

42
Q

What other things have changed about our solar system?

A

Planets have moons, the earth rotates, Pluto is no longer a planet, orbits are elliptical not circular, our solar system is not the only one and the earth is a sphere not flat.

43
Q

What is the evidence for expansion?

A

Red shift, light from distant galaxies shifted to red side of spectrum, doppler effect expanding at increasing rate due to dark energy. Observed wavelength of light is longer showing source moving away. Most galaxies show this.

44
Q

What does CT show?

A

Structure and what is damaged.

45
Q

watch core practical physics video

A

ok

46
Q

What does greater mass of star mean

A

More bright

47
Q

how do longitudinal waves move

A

about mean /fixed positions

48
Q

) Explain what can happen to the body if a person has a prolonged exposure to gamma rays

A 
(damage to) cell(s) (1)
(because gamma rays are)
ionising / high frequency/very
energetic (1)
(causing / curing/diagnosing)
cancer / mutation / chromosomal
damage / dna damage/burns (1
49
Q

Why might results in link to radioactivity not be consistent

A 
the process (of radioactive
decay) is unpredictable /
(occurs) random(ly) (1)
so the count rate would not be
constant / there will be
variations with each reading (1)
50
Q

Time of collision in link to momentum

A

time of collision is same for
both (1)
(therefore) momentum change
is the same for both (1)

51
Q

What does conservation of momentum require

A

No external forces

52
Q

Device in link to earthquakes

A

Seisometers

53
Q

What does refraction in the earth show

A

Different densities

54
Q

3 words

A

Absorbed, transmitted, reflected

55
Q

What else have we changed our views on about the solar system

A 
planets have moons (1)
the Earth rotates (spins) (1)
planets orbit the Sun (1)
Pluto is no longer a planet (1)
orbits are elliptical (not circular) (1)
there are more planets than
previously thought (1)
ours is not the only solar system (1)
Earth is {round/spherical /not flat} (1)
planets are not wandering stars (1)
56
Q

Metal rod vibrating

A 
A description including
particles (at end) vibrate (more)
(about fixed positions) (1)
cause neighbouring particles to
vibrate
(more) (1)
57
Q

What light is the most dangerous to the eyes?

A

UV

58
Q

Are radio waves produced intentionally by humans

A

yes

59
Q

Are gamma rays produces randomly

A

yes

60
Q

What actullay causes radio waves

A

Free electrons that oscilate

61
Q

Where are gamma rays produced

A

In the nucleus

62
Q

Why are gamma rays produced

A

To stabilize the nucleus

63
Q

What animals use infra sound to commincate

A

Giraffes, elephants and whales

64
Q

What is cosmic backround radiation

A

(radiation) that comes from all
over the sky / space / the
universe

65
Q

Prism explanation

A 
(the colours have) different
wavelengths (1)
different wavelengths / colours
travel at different speeds (1)
so refract by different amounts
66
Q

Intervals

A

Regular intervals

67
Q

Why is there repulsion

A

As they have the same charge

Physics (9 decks)

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