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Neuro 2 Mine > Exteroception and Nociception > Flashcards

Exteroception and Nociception Flashcards

1
Q

List the Special Senses

A
  • visual (photons)
  • auditory (pressure)
  • chemical (olfaction, taste)
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2
Q

Visual System Signal Type

A

2nd messenger

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3
Q

Auditory System Signal Type

A

direct

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4
Q

Olfaction System Signal Type

A

2nd messenger

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5
Q

Taste System Signal Type

A

2nd messenger

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6
Q

Touch System Signal Type

A

direcy

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7
Q

Definition of Signal Transduction

A

-stimulus dependent to voltage dependent signaling

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8
Q

Proprioception

A

-sense of position of one’s own body

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9
Q

Steps of Transduction on Visual System

A
  1. light stimulation of rods leads to activation of G protein, transducin
  2. activated G protein activates cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  3. PDE hydrolyzes cGMP, reducing concentration
  4. this leads to closure of Na channels
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10
Q

Addition of light has what effect on proteins on photoreceptor disks?

A
  • light causes photo receptor proteins to shift from cis to trans
  • this leads to hyperpolarization
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11
Q

What types of nerve fibers are served by Aa?

A
  • Ia= muscle spindle afferent
  • Ib= tendon organ afferent
  • touch, proprioception
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12
Q

What types of nerve fibers are Ab?

A

-II- mechanoreceptors of skin, secondary muscle spindle afferents

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13
Q

What types of nerve fibers are Ad?

A
  • III= sharp pain, cold temp
  • mechanical pain
  • extreme heat pain
  • first pain
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14
Q

What types of nerve fibers are C?

A

IV= warm temp, burning pain, itch, crude touch, capsaicin

  • polymodal pain
  • extreme cold pain
  • second pain
  • a low dose of LA can block second pain and leave first pain intact
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15
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A
  • small receptive field

- fast adaptation (detect vibration)

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16
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A
  • large receptive field

- fast adaptation (detect vibration)

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17
Q

Merkel’s Disks

A
  • small receptive field

- slow adaptation (detect steady touch)

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18
Q

Ruffini’s Ending

A
  • large receptive field

- slow adaptation (detect steady touch)

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19
Q

3 Types of Pain

A
  1. nociceptive (external)
  2. inflammatory
  3. neuropathic
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20
Q

Spinoreticular Tract

A
  • to hypothalamus, amygladal

- responsible for behavioral response to input

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21
Q

Spinomesencephalic Tract

A
  • to midbrain

- important for descending modulation of pain

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22
Q

Anterolateral System: Sensations

A
  • temp

- pain

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23
Q

Anterolateral System: Primary Sensory Neuron

A
  • DRG
  • Ad
  • C
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24
Q

Anterolateral System: 1st Synapse

A

-dorsal spinal cord

25
Q

Anterolateral System: Decussation

A

-spinal cord

26
Q

Anterolateral System: Input vs Ascending Info

A

-contralateral side

27
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: Sensations

A
  • proprioception

- find touch

28
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: Primary Sensory Neuron

A
  • DRG

- Ab

29
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: 1st Synapse

A
  • nucleus gracilis (medulla)

- nucleus cuneatus (medulla)

30
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: Decussation

A

-medulla

31
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) System: Input vs. Ascending Info

A

-ipsilateral then contralateral

32
Q

Thermoneutral Point

A
  • 30-37 deg C

- sense neither hot nor cold

33
Q

Cool Receptors

A
  • dec. temp -> inc. firing rate
  • mostly Ad
  • 10x as many cool receptors as warm receptors
34
Q

Warm Receptors

A
  • inc. temp -> inc. firing rate

- mostly C receptors

35
Q

Nociceptive

A

-detection of acute painful stimuli

36
Q

Molecular Pain Receptor Types

A
  • ASIC
  • P2X
  • VR1
37
Q

ASIC Molecular Receptor

A
  • acid sensing ion channel

- pH becomes acidic in inury

38
Q

P2X Molecular Receptor

A
  • purinergic receptor

- detects ATP released from cell damage

39
Q

VR1 Molecular Receptor

A
  • vanilloid receptor 1
  • detects capsacin
  • polymodal- responds to chemicals and temp
40
Q

3 Components of Triple Response

A
  1. red center- due to BK
  2. wheal- due to BK
  3. pink flair- due to substance P
41
Q

Bradykinin (BK)

A
  • precursor is kininogen
  • cell damage allows cleavage of kininogen to BK
  • potent vasodilator (red center)
  • inc capillary permeability (edematous wheal)
42
Q

Substance P

A
  • peptide
  • in vesicles
  • released upon stimulation (requires repetitive, intense stimulation to be released)
  • sensitizer (inc. sensitivity to pain)
43
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

-inc. sensitivity to pain

44
Q

Allodynia

A
  • normal stimulus becomes painful

- ex. sunburn

45
Q

How does aspirin resolve a headache?

A

It prevents synthesis of bradykinins.

46
Q

Order of Pressure Block

A
  • first Ab
  • then Ad
  • then C
47
Q

Local Anesthetic Block

A
  • first C
  • then Ad
  • then Ab
  • target voltage gated Na channels
48
Q

Order of Activated Electrical Stimulation

A
  • first Ab
  • then Ad
  • then C w/ repetitive stimulation
49
Q

Concept of Referred Pain

A
  • pain is perceived as localized to area of predominant input
  • cutaneous areas dominate
50
Q

Inhibitory Neurons

A
  • inhibit pain synapse in substantia gelatinosa
  • enkephalinergic
  • why we rub pain
51
Q

Peri Aquaductal Grey

A
  • has descending influences on pain pathway
  • descends to nucleus raphe magnus (medulla)
  • located in midbrain
  • nucleus raphe descends to dorsal horn (DLF pathway)
  • this causes release of serotonin and activation of enkephalic interneuron
  • SSRIs inc. 5Ht and reduce pain
52
Q

Stress Induced Analgesia

A
  • painless experience due to high stress
  • due to PAG
  • stress/emotions activate PAG (limbic system involved)
  • naloxone partially blocks this
53
Q

Cannabinoids

A
  • 2 major presynaptic receptors: CB1, CB2

- reduce inflammation and dec. pain

54
Q

Na Channels Involved in Neuropathic Pain

A
  • TTX-S (sensitive)
  • TTX-R (resistant)
  • mutations in these cause dec. pain sensation
55
Q

GABA

A
  • major inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • gabaergic neurons help determine what happens at a synapse
  • GABA dec. with damage
56
Q

BDNF

A
  • neurotropin
  • ATP -> activation of immune cells -> BDNF
  • BDNF active on GABA responsive neurons and changes ECl, causing GABA to become excitatory
  • BDNF also inhibits KCC2, which causes GABA to become excitatory
57
Q

Modality Segregation

A

-when neurons die, amount/type of neurotropins changes -> nerve wiring changes

58
Q

Targets for Drugs in Pain Pathway

A
  • VCR1, ASIC, P2X
  • substance P
  • Na Channel
  • enkephalin
  • 5HT
  • GABA
  • Ca Channels
  • glutimate
  • AMPAr.
  • NMDAr.
  • NK1r

Neuro 2 Mine (9 decks)

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