External factors Flashcards
What are the five external factors?
- Impact of feminism
- Changes within the family
- Change’s in women’s employment
- Girl’s changing ambition
- Class gender and ambition
Impact of feminism
1960s feminism movement
* raised aspirations
* Opportunities and changes in laws
* Raised self esteems - girls able to have greater ambitions to suceed
impact of feminism
Mc Robbie’s study
Study of girl’s magasines
* 1970s emphasis on being married and not being left on the shelf
* Now independence and assertive women
Evaluations - impact of feminism
- Doesn’t recognise pay gap between women
- Gender pay gap still exists
Changes in the family
What are the 4 changes since 1970s?
- increase in divorce
- Increase n cohabitation and decrease in first marriage
- increase in lone parent families
- smaller families
How does changes in the family affect girl’s achievement?
- affects girls attitudes as more want to become ecnomically independent as the divorce rate / lone parents
- So to achieve this motivated to get good jobs / qualifications
Changes in womens employment?
1970 equal pay act / 1975 sex discrimination act - encouraging women within the work place
* more women in work due to increase in service sector
How does changes to women’s employment affect girl’s education achievement?
- Encourages to see futute in terms of paid work
- role models
inscentive to get qualifications within school as more opportunities are available
Girls’ changing ambitions
Sharpes study ?
Changing in amvitions supported by research
SHARPE - inerviewed girls in 70s and 90s
70s - prioritsed marriage and children with low aspiraitons
90s - career focused and supporting themselves became important rather than just office jobs
So to be able to reach this economic self - sufficiency girls recognise value of education and gain an individualised notion of self -BECK
Do all girls achieve?
Class,gender and ambition
Class differences are evident
WC girls still have stereotypical aspirations
REAY - WC girls limited aspirations reflect limited job opportunities they receivewhere as being married is doable and offers status
BIGGART - WC girls see motherhood as only viable option as other kobs are risky
So don’t achieve at school as too much of a risk
What does gender quake mean?
wilkinson
Wilkinson (1994) argues fundamental changes in attitudes towards female role in society has been achieved.
Evaluation
- some areas are still dominated by males ie engineering and physics
- Little movement of male recruitment in female domains
- differences on social class + ethnicity aiming with lower aspirations
What does wilkinson argue/ what concept ?
the genderquake