EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES Flashcards by Jasmine Juit

The body of vertebrates is generally divided into __,
__, and __ along with some __

head
trunk
tail
external features

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vertebrates
Usually, their body is __, although some groups
exhibit a rather specialized shape because of
adaptations to a particular mode of life or habitat.

fusiform

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a __ is peculiar to land vertebrates

neck

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the body of chondrichthyes is __ or __

fusiform
spindle-shaped

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group of animal, its body is:
Being pointed at both ends and laterally flattened

chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)

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The body of chondrichthyes is provided with a __, which can be felt as rough tiny spines if the hand is passed over its skin.

minute scale

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chondrichthyes
A __, which is a fine, light-colored whitish horizontal stripe, will be observed to extend along each
side of the body

lateral line

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chondrichthyes
Underneath the lateral line is the __ that contains sensory cells.

lateral canal

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chondrichthyes
The zigzag muscle segments or __ can also be detected through the skin

myotomes

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the body is chondrichthyes if divided into (3)

head
trunk
tail

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chondrichthyes
the most anterior part of the body, somewhat flattened and triangular in shape.

head

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chondrichthyes
structures in the head (5)

rostrum
mouth
nostrils
eyes
endolympatic ducts

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head of chondrichthyes
the pointed anterior end of the head

rostrum

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head of chondrichthyes
the ventral narrow and crescentic opening that is bounded by the upper and lower jaws both bearing diagonal rows of teeth

mouth

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head of chondrichthyes
a pair of openings on the ventral side of the rostrum. It is provided with a little flap of
skin dividing the nostril into two passages

nostrils

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head of chondrichthyes
a pair of large oval structures on each side of the head, set in deep sockets without upper and lower eyelids.

eyes

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head of chondrichthyes
two canals that connect the ears to the surface of the head by a pair of small pores on the mid-dorsal surface of the head just at the back level of the eyes.

endolympatic ducts

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chondrichthyes
fusiform or spindle-shaped, being pointed at both ends and laterally flattened.

trunk

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parts of the trunk of chondrichthyes (4)

gill slits
unpaired median fins
paired fins
cloacal aperture/anus

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part of the trunk of chondrichthyes
openings just behind the eyes,
consisting of:
spiracle
2d to 6th gill slits

gill slits

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part of the trunk of chondrichthyes
arise from the median
line consisting of:
anterior and posterior dorsal fins

unpaired median fins

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part of the trunk of chondrichthyes
arise from the ventral side, consists of:
pectoral fins
pelvic fins

paired fins

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part of the trunk of chondrichthyes
a large opening found between the bases of the pelvic fins, which if spread apart, a projecting UROGENITAL PAPILLA
would be seen

cloacal aperture/anus

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trunk part of chondrichthyes:
an anterior pair of fins
found immediately behind the gill slits.

pectoral fins

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trunk part of chondrichthyes: a posterior pair of fins found at the junction of the trunk and tail

pelvic fins

pelvic fin in chondrichthyes In males, two stout processes directed backward, called __, are found on the medial side of each pelvic fin. All fins are supported by fine flexible rays called the __

claspers dermal fin rays or ceratotrichia

part of chondrichthyes modified into a fin, located at the posterior end of the body, and considered HETEROCERCAL because it consists of a larger dorsal and a smaller ventral lobe

tail

type of tail of chondrichthyes

heterocercal tail

osteichthyes (bony fish) The body is covered with __, arranged in diagonal rows, and embedded into the __ of the skin. A __ is also present.

scales dermis lateral line

the head of ostechthyes is consists of (6)

mouth nostrils eyes gill cover/operculum bronchiostegal membrane gill arches

part of the head of osteichthyes the most anterior part of the body, somewhat oblongated in shape

mouth

part of the head of osteichthyes two pairs of openings on the anterodorsal end of the head

nostrils

part of the head of osteichthyes large structures found on each side of the head, without upper and lower eyelids

eyes

part of the head of osteichthyes a large flap-like structure that forms the posterior and lateral margins of the head, made up of __

gill cover/operculum opercular bones

part of the head of osteichthyes (gill cover) large, flat scalelike bones that support the operculum and cover the gill opening, a wide slit in the body wall.

opercular bones

part of the head of osteichthyes a membrane attached to the ventral margin of the operculum and is supported by seven bony rays called the __

bronchiostegal membrane branchiostegal rays

part of the head of osteichthyes four curved structures within the cavity covered by the operculum, consists of: gill (gill filament) gill rakers

gill arches

osteichthyes, part of gill arches situated on the outer margin, consists of double rows of soft filaments

gill or gill filament

osteichthyes, part of gill arches situated on the inner margin, a series of tooth-like processes.

gill rakers

part of osteichthyes fusiform and compressed laterally

trunk

trunk of osteichthyes is consists of (4)

unpaired fins paired fins anal opening urogenital papilla

part of trunk of osteichthyes arise from the mid-dorsal line, consists of: anterior and posterior fins anal fin

unpaired fins

part of trunk of osteichthyes (unpaired fin) arise from the median line. - The position varies in different fishes

anterior & posterior fins

part of trunk of osteichthyes (unpaired fins) found on the ventral region

anal fin

part of trunk of osteichthyes arise from the ventral side, consists of: pectoral fins pelvic fins

paired fins

part of trunk of osteichthyes (paired fins) found just behind the operculum

pectoral fins

part of trunk of osteichthyes (paired fins) found nearly at the level of the pectoral fin from the level of the anus.

pelvic fins

part of trunk of osteichthyes a large opening on the midventral line in front of the ventral fin

anal opening

part of trunk of osteichthyes a small elevation that projects from a depression just behind the anal opening

urogenital papilla

The fins of the fishes are supported by bony flexible jointed fin rays called __

lepidotrichia

the tail of osteichthyes is modified into __

fin

type of tail in osteichthyes

homoncercal

The typical turtle’s body is __ and provided with __. It is divided into head, neck, trunk, and short tail regions

cornified scales

(4) regions of turtle

head neck trunk tail

region of turtle anterior-most part of the body, somewhat triangular in shape

head

region of turtle long and flexible structure that joins the head to the trunk region

neck

region of turtle broad and flat, encased by a shell

trunk

region of turtle the most posterior, much reduced part of the body, both in length and in diameter

tail

(4) parts of the head of a turtle

externl nares eyes jaws eardrum

part of the head of a turtle a pair of closely placed openings situated at the tip of the head

external nares

part of the head of a turtle large structure, situated at each side of the head. It is provided with upper and lower eyelids and a third eyelid, called the __, situated at the anterior corner of the eye

eyes nictitating membrane

part of the head of a turtle terminally-situated anterior opening of the head, made up of hard, horny beak that lacks teeth.

jaws

part of the head of a turtle a circular membrane found behind the angle of the jaws

eardrums

(4) parts of the trunk of a turtle

carapace plastron forelimbs hindlimbs

part of the trunk of a turtle that dorsal arched shell

carapace

part of the trunk of a turtle anterior part of the limbs consisting of the upper arm, forearm, and manus or hand

forelimbs

part of the trunk of a turtle the ventral flat shell

plastron

part of the trunk of a turtle posterior part of the limbs consisting of the thigh, shank, and pes or foot

hindlimbs

Both carapace and plastron are connected by __ situated ventrolaterally

lateral bridges

turtles Both forelimbs and hindlimbs are __ types (with 5 digits). The webbed digits terminate into claws

pentadactyl

snake The body is __ and divided into three regions: head, trunk, and tail. The head is usually separated from the trunk by a __. Its body is entirely covered with __

elongated neck-like constriction epidermal scales

body region of the snake is the most anterior part of the body, which is well developed,

head

body region of the snake posterior to the head. Observe the there is no clear distinction between the thorax and abdomen

trunk

body region of the snake is the part posterior to the vent or anus.

tail

(3) parts of the head of snake

eyes mouth nostrils

part of the head of snake located at each side of the head, provided with movable eyelids

eyes

part of the head of snake situated at the rostral end which is dilatable because the bones of the jaws and palate are united by elastic ligaments

mouth

part of the head of snake a pair of closely placed openings situated at the tip of the head

nostrils

snake The limbs are __. But in some species, the hindlimbs are represented by __ beside the vent

absent mere spurs

The body is divided into four regions: head, neck, trunk, and stump tail. The body is almost entirely covered with feathers

chicken (aves)

body region of aves (chicken) is the most anterior part of the body, which is well-developed,

head

body region of aves (chicken) long, flexible part, situated immediately posterior to the head.

neck

body region of aves (chicken) the shorter, firmer, and non-flexible part of the body due to the fusion of the bones of the back. This also has two pairs of limbs

trunk

body region of aves (chicken) represented as a stump, the uropygium, with a half-circle of large flight feathers, the retrices

tail

(5) structures found in the head of chicken

eyes ears beak external nares cere

structure found in the head of chicken situated at each side of the head, generally are and provided with upper and lower eyelids. - the third eyelid or nictitating membrane can be drawn across the eye from the anterior corner

eyes

structure found in the head of chicken observed only in a plucked bird and is situated posterior and below the eyes.

ears

structure found in the head of chicken the most anterior elongated structure of the head and is made up of upper and lower jaws that are encased in horny sheaths. Notice the absence of teeth.

beak

structure found in the head of chicken slit-like openings situated under the anterior margins of the cere

external nares

structure found in the head of chicken a cushion-like protuberance on the base of the upper beak. This occurs only in some families of birds

cere

(2) parts of trunk of a chicken

forelimb hindlimb

part of trunk of a chicken an anterior pair of limbs modified into wings or organs of flight. It consists of a short upper arm that is directed posteriorly, a longer forearm that is directed forward, and the fused hand and wrist which are elongated and directed caudad

forelimb

part of trunk of a chicken the posterior pair of limbs that are partially covered with feathers and partly with horny scales like those in reptiles.

hindlimb

chicken forelimb The big flight feathers of the wings are termed __; those of the hand are termed __; of the forearm __; of the upper arm as __ or __

remiges primaries secondaries tertiaries humeral

chicken hindlimb There are only __ digits that terminate into claws, the __ digit being absent. Observe that the entire limb is directed ventrally so as to raise that animal above the ground

four fifth

(2) parts of the tail of chicken

anus/cloacal aperture uropygial gland

part of the tail of chicken a transverse slit or opening with protruding lips situated under the base of the tail

anus/cloacal aperture

part of the tail of chicken a gland of which the opening is represented by a prominent papilla, situated dorsally but anterior to the base of the tail stump of a plucked chicken

uropygial gland

The body is covered by hairs called __. The body is divided into four regions: head, neck, trunk, and tail.

mammal (cat) FUR

body region of cats large, most anterior part of the body

head

body region of cats the region of the body that is immediately posterior to the head

neck

body region of cats the region immediately posterior to the neck

trunk

body region of cats the most posterior part of the body

tail

(2) regions found in the head region of cats

cranial region facial region

structure found in the cranial region of the head of cats situated at the anterolateral part of the cranium

external ears

part of the external ears of cats long and flexible external fold of the ear

pinna

part of the external ears of cats a passageway that descends deeply into the skull.

external auditory meatus

structure found in the facial region of cats situated at each side of the face, provided with upper and lower eyelids and a third eyelid (nictitating membrane). The third eyelid could be grasped and drawn over the eyeball.

eyes

structure found in the head region of cats elongated and overhung by the nose.

external nares

structure found in the facial region of cats especially long and stout hairs surrounding the nose and mouth

whiskers/vibrissae

region in the head of cats the largest part of the head, housing the brain

cranial region

region in the head of cats anterior part of the head

facial region

structure found in the facial region of cats well developed and fleshy. Notice the cleft at the cent of the upper lip.

lips

(2) parts of the trunk of cats

chest/thorax abdomen

part of the trunk of cats the posterior part of the trunk

abdomen

part of the trunk of cats the anterior part of the trunk that is supported by the ribs

chest/thorax

(3) structures in the abdomen of cats

teats/nipples forelimbs hindlimbs

structure in the abdomen of cats four or five pairs in number on the ventral part of the trunk.

teats/nipples

structure in the abdomen of cats the anterior pair of the limbs that consist of the upper arm, forearm, and manus or hand.

forelimbs

structure in the abdomen of cats the posterior pair of limbs that consist of the thigh, shank, and pes or foot

hindlimbs

The limbs’ digits terminate in claws; five in front and four behind since the first hind tow is absent. The claws of the cat and the rest of its family are __. The cat walks on its digits (__) and the rest of the hand and foot are elevated.

retractile digitegrade