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Extension Flashcards

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1
Q

What is qualitative analysis?

A

It investigates what kind of substances are present

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2
Q

What is quantitative analysis?

A

It measures the amount of substances present

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3
Q

What colour is calcium in the flame test?

A

Brick red

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4
Q

What colour is sodium in the flame test?

A

Yellow

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5
Q

What colour is potassium in the flame test?

A

Lilac

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6
Q

What colour is copper in the flame test?

A

Green/blue

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7
Q

What colour precipitate forms as a result of aluminium being added to sodium hydroxide?

A

White

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8
Q

What colour precipitate does calcium form in sodium hydroxide?

A

White

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9
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when copper is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Pale blue

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10
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when Iron (II) is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Green

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11
Q

What colour precipitate is formed when Iron (III) is added to sodium hydroxide?

A

Brown (rust)

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12
Q

How is calcium distinguished from aluminium when undertaking cation tests?

A

Add excess sodium hydroxide and aluminium ion precipitate will dissolve to a colourless solution

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13
Q

What colour does chloride ion turn in silver nitrate (that has been acidified with dilute nitric acid)?

A

White

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14
Q

What colour does bromide ion turn in silver nitrate?

A

Cream

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15
Q

What colour does iodide ion turn in silver nitrate?

A

Yellow

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16
Q

What is the test for ammonium?

A

Warming it with sodium hydroxide, a gas will be given off and it will turn damp red litmus paper blue

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17
Q

What do analytical chemists do for water authorities?

A

They check the purity of water against the government standards

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18
Q

What are aluminium salts added to water for?

A

To remove small particles of solids

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19
Q

Why is sodium fluoride added to water?

A

As it has been shown to reduce tooth decay

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20
Q

What have high levels of aluminium been linked to?

A

Alzheimer’s disease and damage to the digestive system

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21
Q

What are low levels of iron linked to (in terms of illness)?

A

Anaemia

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22
Q

What are high levels of sodium linked to in terms of illness?

A

High blood pressure and kidney disease

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23
Q

Name two ions that make water ‘hard’?

A

Calcium and magnesium

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24
Q

What is concentration measured in?

A

Grams per cubed decimetre

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25
Q

What does hard water make it difficult for soap to do and what is formed as a result?

A

To lather, scum is formed instead

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26
Q

How is temporary hard water softened?

A

By heating it

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27
Q

What method works to make permanent hard water soft?

A

An ion exchange column

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28
Q

What is the ion exchange column packed with?

A

Tiny plastic beads made of a special ‘resin’

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29
Q

What happens when the hard water is passed through the ion exchange column?

A

The calcium and magnesium ions swap with the sodium ions that are weakly attached to the resin

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30
Q

What number of atoms are always present in an element?

A

Avogadro’s number - 6.02 X 10^23

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31
Q

What is one mole?

A

It is the amount that contains an Avogadro’s number of the named particles

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32
Q

What is the equation for working out moles?

A

Moles = grams/RAMs

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33
Q

What is the formula for concentration in mol dm^-3

A

Number of moles / volume of solution

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34
Q

Describe the five stages of making copper sulfate crystals

A

1) add the base (copper oxide) in sulfuric acid until no more reacts
2) warm the mixture
3) filter unreacted solid
4) leave to cool and crystallise
5) filter off crystals and leave to dry

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35
Q

What indicator should be used in a titration experiment?

A

Phenolphthalein

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36
Q

What does the Burette allow for in a titration experiment?

A

For the acid to be added drop by drop until the indicator turns colourless

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37
Q

After the volume needed for neutralisation in a titration has been discovered what happens next?

A

The reaction is repeated without indicator

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38
Q

When an acid dissolves in water, what does it form?

A

Hydrogen ions

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39
Q

What a soluble base dissolves in water, what ions does it form?

A

Hydroxide ions

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40
Q

What happens in terms of ions in a neutralisation reaction?

A

The hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water molecules

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41
Q

How do you turn a value from centimetres to decimetres?

A

Divide by 1000

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42
Q

Define the term electrolytes

A

An ionic substance that conducts electricity when in aqueous solution or when molten

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43
Q

What are cations attracted to in electrolysis?

A

The negative cathode

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44
Q

What are anions attracted to in electrolysis?

A

The positive anode

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45
Q

What is the anagram OIL RIG?

A

Oxidation is loss (of electrons)

Reduction is gain (of electrons)

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46
Q

What are two uses of sodium?

A

In street lamps as sodium vapour gives out a bright yellow light when an electric current is passed through it

As a coolant in nuclear reactants as liquid sodium metal has a high thermal conductivity and transfers heat efficiently from the reactor to water which then drives the generators

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47
Q

Show the half equations of sodium chloride in electrolysis

A

At the cathode: 2Na+ + 2e- –> 2Na

At the anode: 2Cl- –> Cl2 + 2e-

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48
Q

In the electrolysis of copper chloride what is formed at the cathode and anode?

A

Copper is at the cathode as it gains electrons

Chloride is at the anode as it loses electrons

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49
Q

What is found at the anode and cathode in the electrolysis of copper sulfate?

A

Copper at the cathode

Hydroxide at the anode which then forms water and oxygen (this is because hydroxide ions are more readily discharged)

50
Q

What is found at the anode and cathode in the electrolysis of sodium sulfate?

A

Anode is oxygen and water

Cathode is hydrogen as hydrogen ions lose charge more readily than sodium

51
Q

Why is graphite used as electrodes?

A

Because it is a good conductor and inert

52
Q

What is formed at anode and cathode in the electrolysis of salt water?

A

Cathode: it is easier to discharge hydrogen than sodium
Anode: chlorine gas is discharged

53
Q

What is the third product of electrolysis of salt water?

A

Sodium hydroxide solution

54
Q

Where is the impure copper placed, as the anode or cathode?

A

Anode

55
Q

Where is the pure copper placed, as anode or cathode?

A

Cathode

56
Q

Which copper rod plates the other?

A

The impure copper anode plates the pure copper cathode

57
Q

Mass lost at the anode is gained where?

A

At the cathode

58
Q

Where do the impurities form in the process of the electrolysis?

A

At the bottom of the beaker as sludge

59
Q

What is electroplating?

A

It is depositing a thin layer of one metal on the surface of another through electrolysis

60
Q

Which electrode is the pure metal and which is the one being plated?

A

The anode is the pure metal and the cathode is the one being played

61
Q

How is a thicker layer achieved? (In electroplating)

A

By increasing current or carrying out the process for longer

62
Q

What are two things that electroplating is used to improve?

A

Appearance and resistance to corrosion

63
Q

What is the application of electroplating silver?

A

Cutlery and sports trophies

64
Q

What is the application of electroplating gold?

A

Jewellery

65
Q

What is the application of electroplating with chromium?

A

Wheel rims and jewellery

66
Q

What is the use for electroplating tin?

A

For steel food cans

67
Q

What is zinc used to electroplate for?

A

Iron nails and steel railings

68
Q

What is the molar volume of gas?

A

24dm^3

69
Q

Under what conditions does a gas have to be under to have the molar volume of gases?

A

At room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure (1 atmosphere)

70
Q

What is ammonia used for?

A

To make nitrogenous fertilisers

71
Q

Through what process is ammonia made artificially?

A

The haber process

72
Q

What kind of reaction is the one used in the haber process?

A

A reversible reaction

73
Q

How are nitrogen and hydrogen provided for the haber process?

A

Nitrogen is extracted from air and hydrogen is produced from methane

74
Q

Name an advantage and disadvantage of the use of nitrogenous fertilisers that are manufactured from the haber process

A

More crops can be made and more quickly

Eutrophication

75
Q

What kind of reactions are the forward and backwards reaction in the haber process?

A

Forward - exothermic

Backward - endothermic

76
Q

What does it mean for the reaction to be in dynamic equilibrium?

A

It means the forward and backwards reaction happen at the same rate

77
Q

How is the equilibrium in the haber process shifted to the right?

A

By increasing pressure and decreasing temperature

78
Q

What is the usual pressure used in the haber process?

A

200 atmospheres

79
Q

Why is the haber process not maintained at a higher pressure than 200 atmospheres?

A

Because the equipment is expensive to produce and maintain

80
Q

Why is a high temperature used in the haber process and why isn’t it higher than 450 degrees?

A

To increase rate of reaction but isn’t to high that it favours the backwards reaction

81
Q

What is present in the haber process?

A

An iron catalyst

82
Q

Why can alcohol not be made at a higher concentration than 15% in a fermenter?

A

Because the high concentration of ethanol will kill the yeast

83
Q

How is high concentration alcohol made?

A

Through fractional distillation

84
Q

What temperature does ethanol boil at and why does this mean it can be made more concentrated?

A

At 78 degrees which means the fraction that boils first contains a higher percentage of ethanol

85
Q

What is in the fractioning column which will condense some of the vapour?

A

Glass beads

86
Q

What is used to condense the ethanol?

A

A condenser

87
Q

What percentage of ethanol will be in the condensed liquid after the process of fractional distillation?

A

Up to 95%

88
Q

What is the reaction for ethanol production in a fermenter?

A

Glucose —> (presence of yeast) ethanol + CO2

89
Q

How does ethene react to form ethanol?

A

It is hydrated

Ethene + steam —> (catalyst) ethanol

90
Q

What is the advantage of producing ethanol from ethene over fermentation?

A

It produces ethanol that is almost 100% pure

91
Q

How ethene produced from ethanol?

A

It is dehydrated in the presence of a catalyst at a high temperature to form ethene and steam

92
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds that all have the same feature but have different numbers of carbon atoms

93
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

C n H 2n

94
Q

What is the difference between the bonding of alkenes and alkanes?

A

Alkenes contain a double bond

95
Q

How do you test for if a substance is an alkene or alkane?

A

An alkene will turn bromine water colourless

96
Q

Methanol, ethanol and propanol all belong to which homologous series?

A

The alcohols

97
Q

What group do alcohols contain?

A

The hydroxyl group

98
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

C n H 2n+1 OH

99
Q

Why do alcohols burn with a cleaner blue flame than hydrocarbons?

A

Due to the hydroxide

100
Q

How is ethanoic acid made?

A

Through the oxidation of ethanol

101
Q

What taste does ethanoic acid give food?

A

Tangy and sharp

102
Q

What does ethanoic acid work as in terms of storing food?

A

A preservative

103
Q

Why can ethanoic acid be sued as a preservative?

A

Because bacteria can’t survive in the acidic environment

104
Q

What homologous series does ethanoic acid belong to?

A

Carboxylic acids

105
Q

Describe three properties of ethanoic acids

A

Turn litmus paper and universal indicator red
React with some metals to make hydrogen
React with bases to form salts called ‘ethanoates’

106
Q

What group do carboxylic acids contain?

A

Carboxyl group

107
Q

What does the carboxyl group mean for the molecule of the carboxylic acids?

A

That they contain -COOH

108
Q

Name 2 uses for esters

A

Perfumes and flavourings

109
Q

How are esters made?

A

When carboxylic acids react with esters

110
Q

What two products are formed from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

A

An ester and water

111
Q

What is a polyester?

A

A long chain ester

112
Q

What is a use for polyesters?

A

They are used in plastics and as fibres for fabrics

113
Q

What are oils and fats?

A

Large esters

114
Q

What is the difference between an oil and a fat?

A

A fat is solid at room temperature and oil is a liquid

115
Q

What happens when glyceryl tristearate is boiled with an alkali?

A

The fat breaks down to glycerol and sodium stearate (a soap)

116
Q

What is the general equation for making a soap?

A

Concentrated alkali + oil/fat –> soap + glycerol

117
Q

Name two alkalis used in soap production

A

Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide

118
Q

Which part of the soap is hydrophillic?

A

The ‘head’ (it is an anion)

119
Q

Which part of the soap is hydrophobic?

A

The ‘tail’

120
Q

How does soap remove grease?

A

The hydrophobic tail sticks into the grease and gets underneath the grease and pulls it off the surface, the hydrophillic head then allows the grease to mix with the water

121
Q

Describe catalytic hydrogenation

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon is reacted with hydrogen to form a saturated hydrocarbon, this usually happens on the presence of a nickel catalyst

Chemistry (3 decks)

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