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Chemistry > Core > Flashcards

Core Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of activity do scientist believe formed our early atmosphere?

A

Volcanic

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2
Q

Why was the Earth’s early atmosphere believed to similar to that of Titans?

A

Because they believe it was mostly nitrogen and Titan has an atmosphere of 98% nitrogen

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3
Q

Why do scientists also believe that the Earth’s early atmosphere was similar to that of Mars?

A

As it was mostly CO2

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4
Q

What do scientists believe that volcanoes gave out which later formed the seas as the earth cooled?

A

Water Vapour

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5
Q

As seas were formed, what was dissolved?

A

Carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What did marine organisms use dissolved CO2 for?

A

Calcium carbonate shells

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7
Q

What did the calcium carbonate form when the marine organism died?

A

Sedimentary rock (such as, limestone)

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8
Q

When did plants develop the ability to photosynthesise?

A

About 1 billion years ago

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9
Q

What is the composition of the current atmosphere?

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.04% carbon dioxide
0.9% argon

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10
Q

Name a natural way that the atmosphere can change because of

A

Volcanic activity

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11
Q

Name the 3 main ways that human activity causes changes in our atmosphere

A

Fossil fuels, farming and deforestation

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12
Q

How does farming affect the atmosphere?

A

Both cattle and rice fields give off methane

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13
Q

Name the two theories behind nitrogen formation

A

Volcanoes

Nitrogen containing compounds

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14
Q

Describe how igneous rock is formed

A

When magma erupts, it becomes lava, and as the lava cools is forms igneous rock containing interlocking crystals

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15
Q

What does the size of the interlocking crystals in igneous rock depend on?

A

How quickly the lava cools

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16
Q

How is sedimentary rock formed?

A

When the sediment of rocks slowly build up and compress to form layers

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17
Q

What are Chalk and Limestone mostly made up of?

A

Calcium carbonate

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18
Q

How is metamorphic rock formed?

A

Formed from applying heat and pressure on other rocks for an extended period of time (marble is one example of a metamorphic rock)

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19
Q

Name 3 things that limestone is used in/for

A

Glass, cement and concrete

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20
Q

Where is limestone removed from?

A

A quarry

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21
Q

Name the benefits of a quarry

A

Helps supply reach demand
Creates jobs in countryside
Can improve economy as it is exported to other places

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22
Q

Describe the drawbacks of a quarry

A 
Dusty and noisy
Damage tourist industry
Lorises create noise, traffic and more pollution
Land can no longer be used for farming
Destroys the landscape
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23
Q

When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposed to calcium oxide and co2, what kind of reaction is this?

A

Thermal decomposition

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24
Q

How is cement made?

A

Heating limestone and clay

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25
Q

How is concrete made?

A

With cement, sand, gravel and water

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26
Q

How is glass made?

A

By heating limestone with sand and sodium carbonate

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27
Q

What does a word equation show?

A

They show what happens in a reaction

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28
Q

What are substances made up of?

A

Atoms

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29
Q

What is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a reaction?

A

Atom

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30
Q

What is a compound?

A

Atoms of 2+ elements that are chemically joined

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31
Q

What does the chemical formula show?

A

The symbols of the elements and their ratios

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32
Q

What does a balanced equation show?

A

What happens to the atoms in the reaction

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33
Q

Describe what happens in a precipitation reaction

A

Two soluble substances react to form an insoluble product called a precipitate

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34
Q

How is limewater made?

A

By reacting calcium oxide and water to form calcium hydroxide which dissolves to form limewater

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35
Q

What is the test for co2?

A

It will turn limewater milky

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36
Q

Explain how carbon dioxide turns limewater milky

A

Calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide react to form calcium carbonate and water which is white and insoluble

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37
Q

What happens if lots of co2 is bubbled through the limewater and why?

A

It will turn colourless because the CO2 reacts to form an acidic solution which then reacts with the calcium carbonate

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38
Q

What is calcium carbonate used for?

A

In coal power stations and farming to neutralise gases and soil, therefore it is useful in neutralisation reactions

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39
Q

Why do we have HCl in our stomach?

A

To help digestion (as it provides the correct environment for enzymes to work in) and kill bacteria

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40
Q

What is it called when we have too much acid in our stomach and it causes pain?

A

Indigestion

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41
Q

What are the medicines that neutralise stomach acid called?

A

Antiacids

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42
Q

What do Antiacids contain?

A

Bases that react with acids

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43
Q

Describe the reaction between a base and an acid

A

The acid and base react to form a salt and water

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44
Q

In aqueous solution what is the base, acid or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

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45
Q

If an antiacid contains a carbonate what else is produced?

A

Carbon dioxide

46
Q

What 3 compounds can an acid be neutralised by?

A

A metal oxide, metal hydroxide and metal carbonates

47
Q

Describe the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide

A

They reaction to form a salt and water

48
Q

Describe the reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide

A

They react to form a salt and water

49
Q

Describe the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate

A

They react to form a salt and water and carbon dioxide

50
Q

What salts do sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid form?

A

Sulfate, nitrate and a chloride

51
Q

How is chlorine found?

A

Through electrolysis

52
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

It turns damp blue litmus paper red and then bleaches it

53
Q

Name the uses of chlorine

A

Water treatment
Manufacture of bleach and other cleaning products
Manufacture of plastics
It is a toxic gas and can kill more people than an explosion

54
Q

What does the electrolysis of water form?

A

Hydrogen and oxygen

55
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

The squeaky pop test

56
Q

What is the test for oxygen

A

It will relight a glowing splint

57
Q

What are the uses of hydrogen

A

Rocket fuel

58
Q

What are the uses of oxygen

A

Hospitals
Submarines
Spacecraft

59
Q

Name the top 5 metals in the reactivity series and how they must be obtained as a pure element

A

Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium

Extracted through electrolysis of the molten compound

60
Q

Name the metals that need to be heated with carbon to be extracted as a pure metal

A

Zinc, iron, tin, lead, copper

61
Q

Name the 3 metals that are found uncombined

A

Silver, platinum, gold

62
Q

What is metal extraction an example of?

A

Reduction

63
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The gaining of oxygen

64
Q

Oxidation results in what?

A

Corrosion

65
Q

What kind of metals are more likely to corrode?

A

The more reactive ones

66
Q

What are the advantages of recycling metals?

A

Natural reserves last longer, less energy needed for recycling than extraction, recycling reduces need for mining, less pollution, less waste minerals

67
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycling metals?

A

Cost of sorting, collection and recycling is expensive

68
Q

Describe the properties of metals

A

Shiny when polished, conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and ductile (can be stretched into wires)

69
Q

What are the properties of aluminium?

A

Low density and doesn’t corrode

It’s used for aeroplanes and cars

70
Q

What are the properties of copper?

A

Good conductors so used in electrics, doesn’t react with water so is used in water pipes

71
Q

What are the properties of gold?

A

It is unreactive and doesn’t corrode, it is attractive and malleable so used in jewellery, it is a good conductor so is used in computers and phones

72
Q

What are the properties of iron and steel?

A

Iron is cheap and easy to extract, it is soft so is turned into steel - a mixture of metals that is used in bridges, cars, electrical goods, machinery and building frames. Also rusts easily

73
Q

What is an alloy?

A

When a metal is mixed with another to improve its properties

74
Q

What is carat measured out of?

A

24

75
Q

What is fineness measured out of?

A

Parts per 1000

76
Q

What is a smart material?

A

It has properties that change under certain conditions

77
Q

What is a shape memory alloy?

A

It returns to its original shape heated

78
Q

What are fossil fuels formed from?

A

They are formed from the compression of sea animals

79
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons

80
Q

Is crude oil renewable or non renewable?

A

It’s non renewable

81
Q

How is crude oil separated?

A

In a fractional distillation column

82
Q

Name the fractions from shortest to longest

A

Gases, petrol, naphtha, kerosene, diesel, fuel and lubricating oil, bitumen

83
Q

What are gases used for?

A

Fuel for vehicles, bottled gas for camping stoves, heating and cooking

84
Q

What is petrol used for?

A

Car fuel

85
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Fuel for aircraft

86
Q

What is diesel used for?

A

Fuel for Diesel engines

87
Q

What is fuel used for?

A

For large ships and power stations, for heating, for lubricating oil

88
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Making roads, waterproofing roads

89
Q

What is combustion?

A

When a hydrocarbon burns and reacts with oxygen

90
Q

Combustion of hydrocarbon is only complete if…

A

All the hydrocarbon is used up

91
Q

What is formed if there isn’t enough oxygen in combustion and what is this called?

A

Carbon monoxide and soot is formed

This is incomplete combustion

92
Q

Methane and oxygen react to form…

A

Carbon and water
Carbon monoxide and water
Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and carbon (soot)

93
Q

Why is carbon monoxide a problem for humans?

A

It’s a colourless, odourless, toxic gas that reduces the amount of oxygen that the body can carry

94
Q

How many people in the UK die each year due to carbon monoxide?

A

40

95
Q

What is carbon monoxide produced by?

A

Car engines

96
Q

How is the harm of carbon monoxide reduced?

A

Making sure all fuel burning appliances are serviced regularly and fitting homes with detectors

97
Q

Name 4 problems of soot..

A

Clogs pipes and chimneys
Causes fires in chimneys
Collects in the lungs
Makes buildings dirty

98
Q

What is acid rain and what PH must is be below to count as acid rain?

A

It is acidic due to the gases dissolved in it and must be below 5.2

99
Q

Name one contributor to acid rain

A

Impurities in hydrocarbons (such as sulfur) which then reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide, an acidic gas

100
Q

Describe the effects of acid rain

A

Organisms in rivers and lakes and soil are harmed
Damage to trees
Speeds up weathering of limestone/marble and corrosion of metal

101
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

When gases in air help to trap heat and keep the earth warm

102
Q

Without gases such as CO2, methane and water vapour, what would the mean temperature of earth be?

A

-18 degrees Celsius

103
Q

What is iron seeding?

A

Adding iron compounds to encourage plant growth because when animals eat them and die they remove Co2 due to their shells

104
Q

Describe another way that Co2 levels could be reduced

A

By reacting it into hydrocarbons

105
Q

What are biofuels?

A

They are positive alternatives to fossil fuels because they are obtained from living organisms or recently dead ones

106
Q

How is ethanol used to create a biofuel

A

It is mixed with petrol

107
Q

What is diesel biofuel made from?

A

Vegetable oils

108
Q

What are the advantages of Biofuels?

A

They are renewable and carbon neutral

109
Q

What are the disadvantages of biofuels?

A

Not carbon neutral in transport or manufacture and requires a lot of land

110
Q

What is used in a rocket to release energy?

A

Hydrogen and Oxygen

111
Q

What makes a good fuel?

A

How easily it burns
How much energy it produces
How easily it is to store and transport

112
Q

Before cars with hydrogen as a fuel can be used what has to happen?

A

Hydrogen needs to be readily available and filling stations need to be converted

Chemistry (3 decks)

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