Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2021 > EXSC 440 Exam 3 L > Flashcards

EXSC 440 Exam 3 L Flashcards

1
Q

Slow twitch

A

type 1, high myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fast twitch

A

white, low myoglobin content. Type 2a or 2b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Smooth muscle

A

autonomic nervous system
non-striated, not organized in sarcomeres
single oval centrally located nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

regulated by intrinsic fibers, hormones, and ANS
striated, single centrally nucleus
intercalated discs

contracts 10 to 15 times longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muscle composition

A

(smallest)
sarcomere
myofibril

muscle fiber –> covered w/endomysium, held together with fascia

fasciculi–> covered by perimysium

muscle–> covered by epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sarcomere order

A 
Z disc
I band
A band
H zone
M line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sarcomeres composition

A

actin or thin myofilaments, are made of troponin and tropomyosin. Troponin removes the tropomyosin so that the myosin/thick filament can bind to the actin head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

extends throughout the cell and surrounds each myofibril

stores and releases calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transverse tubules (t-tubules)

A

run from the cell membrane (sacrolemma) to deep within the cell and perpendicular to the fibers

spread polarization from membrane to interior of cell, causes release of calcium from reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sarcoplasm

A

intracellular material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

aponeurosis

A

fibrous or membranous, closely packed, parallel collagenous bundles that provide strength and support to structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fusiform characteristics

A

The fibers run parallel with the longitudinal axis of the muscle
100% of the muscle contraction distance contributes to moving the attachments
Have few fibers per unit area
Have longer fibers and produce greater ROM but less force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fusiform muscle

A

biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pennate characteristics

A

The fibers run obliquely
Produce less ROM change for a given distance but a greater force
Have shorter fibers but more per unit area
The greater the angle the muscle fiber is to the longitudinal axis of the muscle, the smaller is the effective shortening component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pennate muscle

A 
uni = tibialis post
bi = gastrocnemius, rectus femoris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

disadvantages of pennate muscle

A

form an angle at 30 degrees, can only transmit a portion of force
fiber shortening is greater than lengthening
lifting height is increased b/c physiological cross section is larger than anatomic cross section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Non-pennate advantages

A

fibers run longitudinal, transmit all force to tendon
max shortening and actual are about the same
both cross sections are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Longitudinal muscle

A

sartorius

20
Q

Radiate muscle

A

gluteus medius

pec major

21
Q

Circular muscle

A

orbicular oculi

22
Q

Muscle shapes

A 
longitudinal
fusiform
radiate
unipennate
bipennate
circular
23
Q

how are muscles named?

A 
shape
action
location
attachments
# of parts
size
fiber orientation
24
Q

What determines what action a muscle performs?

A

Where the muscle or its tendon(s) cross the joint it is acting upon

The relationship of the crossing the joint with the axis of rotation of the joint

25
Q

What determines how well a muscle does what it does?

A

size and angle of pull!!!

recruitment of motor units
tension 
firing frequency/how well they synch
length of muscle
velocity of shortening
26
Q

Advantages to 2 joint muscles

A

Tend to pull the bony attachments toward the center of the muscle

Tend to produce motion in all the articulations that it passes

Two joint muscles are considered to be more efficient

synchronous movement

less complex innervation

greater ROM b/c of less muscle mass

pulley action of muscles

27
Q

Examples of 2 joint muscles

A

Hip and Knee
Sartorius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosus, gracilis

knee and ankle
gastrocnemius, plantaris

28
Q

disadvantages to 2 joint muscles

A

Active and passive insufficiency

29
Q

Lombard’s paradox

A

Involves the rectus femoris and the hamstrings

When rising to stand from a sitting or squatting position, both the hamstrings and quadriceps contract at the same time, despite them being antagonists to each other.

30
Q

Lever arm

A

distance from center of rotation of the joint to the point of attachment of the muscle

31
Q

lever system

A

axis of rotation
motive torques
resistive torques

32
Q

1st class levers

A

fulcrum or axis of rotation is in between the motive and resistive torques.

Common examples: teeter-totter, crowbar, pliers, scissors.

Unusual in the musculoskeletal system

Plantar flexion on a universal machine

33
Q

2nd class lever

A

the resistive torque is between the fulcrum and the motive torque

Wheel barrow, nutcracker, door

Unusual in the musculoskeletal system
A push-up

Extension of the metatarsal phalangeal joint while standing is an example of a second class lever

34
Q

3rd class lever

A

the motive torque is between the fulcrum and the resistive torque

Most of the musculoskeletal levers in the body are 3rd class

35
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

ratio of resistive force to motive force/effort

RF > MF = 3rd
MF > RF = 2nd

36
Q

RF vs MF

A

RF = MF –> static
MF > RF = concentric
MF < RF = eccentric

37
Q

Trendelenburg gait

A

When there is paralysis or marked weakness of the gluteus medius, there will be a gluteus medius limp in walking. This consists of displacement of the trunk laterally toward the side of weakness, shifting the center of gravity in such a way that the body can be balanced over the extremity with minimal muscular support at the hip

38
Q

Loss of hamstrings

A

Results in a profound loss of flexion at knee

Who could take care of knee flex instead?
Gastrocnemius (2-joint muscle) is a stronger ankle PF
Only a weakening of extension at hip

39
Q

illiopsoas test

A

When intra-abdominal inflammation is suspected an iliopsoas test is performed.
Because of proximity of the iliopsoas to organs such as the kidneys, appendix, and pancreas, movement of the muscle usually results in pain when any

40
Q

kicking muscle

A

rectus femoris
particularly efficient in movements combining the knee extension and hip flexion when starting from hip hyperextension.

easily injured at AIIS, avulsion

41
Q

loss of quads

A

Results in complete loss of active extension at the knee

If quads are paralyzed, the person usually presses on the distal end of the thigh during walking to prevent inadvertent flexion of the knee.

42
Q

loss of sartorius

A

Virtually no active deficit

Gait is fine

43
Q

Chondromalacia Patellae

A

“runner’s knee” is common in marathon runners and basketball players, due to overstressing the knee and/or quadriceps imbalance

causes breakdown of cartilage under the patella

44
Q

anterior compartment of leg

A

Most susceptible to compartment syndromes because it’s confined by unyielding structures on three sides (two bones and the interosseous membrane)

Important during gait

45
Q

Calcaneal tendon rupture

A

More common in less conditioned people with a history of tendinitis.
Forceful push-off – plantarflexion with knee extension
Audible snap followed by calf pain and sudden dorsiflexion
Ambulation is only possible by rolling over an externally rotated limb.

46
Q

Plantar fascia

A

Longitudinally arranged bundles of dense fibrous connective tissue
Tough, dense, elongated
Helps protect the sole from injury
Helps protect the longitudinal arches of the foot

47
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Straining and inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis
Often from Running or high impact aerobics
Inappropriate shoes, tight Achilles tendon, flat arches
More common in the hindfoot and medial aspect of the foot
Usually most painful when starting to use right after rest
Common treatments:Ice, stretch calve muscles, supportive shoes

Fall 2021 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions