export_learning and knowledge

Question 1

How does the Bee Waggle convey?

Answer 1

Location and distance of food, but nothing about terrain, weather, predators, etc..

Question 2

What are the implications of the Bee Waggle dance?

Answer 2

Bees have evolved a method for transmitting information to others that captures only the most relevant information

Question 3

How do we know that attention is important for learning?

Answer 3

Trade offs between salience and validity, blocking, highlighting, learning rules of different complexity

Question 4

What is the relationship between attention and salience?

Answer 4

In the absence of validity, high salience cues will attract attention, low salience cues will not attract attention

Question 5

How did the study on salience and validity go?

Answer 5

Used Posner cuing task, where only only arrow correctly predicts the arrow location. Probability with which arrow predicts the location varies from perfect validity (p=1) to less than perfect validity (p=.8) to chance (p=.5), subject’s task is to learn which of these cues to attend to, to respond to the light as quickly as possible, task is conducted with two cues that differ in productive validity and size

Question 6

What is the first condition in the salience and validity task?

Answer 6

Salience and validity is heading in the same direction

Question 7

What is the second condition in the salience and validity study?

Answer 7

Same validity, different salience

Question 8

What is the third condition in the salience and validity task?

Answer 8

Pushed validity of low salience cue over validity of high salience cue

Question 9

What was found in the salience and validity study?

Answer 9

In the first condition, reliance on salience increases over no. of blocks. In second condition, utilisation of low salience cue increases, utilisation of high salience cue decreases. In third condition, low salience cue over takes high salience cue

Question 10

What were the implications of the salience and validity study?

Answer 10

There is a tradeoff between salience and validity, increases validity/salience leads to increased utilisation, decreased validity/salience leads to decreased utilisation

Question 11

How does the first blocking experiment go?

Answer 11

In early training, mouse is conditioned to red light equals food. In late training, mouse is conditioned to red light and bell equal food, blue light and buzzer equals water. Mouse is tested for reaction to bell and water

Question 12

What was found with the first blocking study?

Answer 12

Mouse will go to the water, which is cued by the buzzer

Question 13

What is the explanation for the first blocking study?

Answer 13

Attention is shifted to red light because it is important for predicting food, no attention is left when the bell is introduced, therefore the buzzer drives the final response

Question 14

How does the second blocking study go?

Answer 14

In early training, red light and bell equals food. In late training, red light and bell equals food and water, tested for bell and buzzer

Question 15

What is found in the second blocking study?

Answer 15

Mouse goes to the water again

Question 16

What is the explanation for the second blocking study?

Answer 16

Red light and bell are already paired with food, therefore, attention is shifted to the buzzer because it alone predicts for the water, because it is surprising it is more salient, there the buzzer drives the final response

Question 17

What is the simple learning theory?

Answer 17

When there are a larger number of potential cues and a large number of potential outcomes, co-occurences lead to strengthening between cues and outcomes

Question 18

What is the attentional learning theory?

Answer 18

Differs to simple learning theory by also incorporating the ability to differentially weight cues according to their relevance

Question 19

How does the attentional learning study go?

Answer 19

Subjects are shown 1 of 8 different stimuli to categorise on each trial, stimuli vary on their height and the position of the inset vertical line

Question 20

What are the two conditions in the attentional learning study?

Answer 20

Filtration: height is important, position is not. Condensation: height and position is important

Question 21

How does the learning theory predict the attentional learning study?

Answer 21

There is no difference between the two conditions

Question 22

How does attentional learning predict the attentional learning study?

Answer 22

Filtration is easier than condensation

Question 23

What is fast mapping?

Answer 23

Inference by exclusion, based on what is already known

Question 24

How did the study on revealing biases go?

Answer 24

When a statement that did not fit peoples expectations was past around, it eventually ended up converting into peoples expectations (Wind and spreading fire example)

Question 25

How does the one-cause condition of the blicket detector go?

Answer 25

Machine that plays music when a blicket is one the machine. Object A activates the machine, object B does not activate the machine, both objects activate the machine

Question 26

How does a child respond when asked “which object is the blicket?” to one-cause condition

Answer 26

Only label object A as the blicket

Question 27

How does the two-cause condition of the blicket detector study go?

Answer 27

Object C activates the detector, object D does not activate the machine

Question 28

How do children respond to the two cause condition?

Answer 28

Both objects are the blicket

Question 29

How does the backwards blocking condition in the blicket detector study go?

Answer 29

Both object A and B activate the detector, object A activates the detector by itself

Question 30

How do children respond to the backwards blocking condition?

Answer 30

Object A is the blicket

Question 31

How does the indirect screening condition in the blicket detector study go?

Answer 31

Both objects C and D activate the detector, object C does not activate the detector by itself

Question 32

How do children respond to the indirect screening off condition?

Answer 32

Both are blickets

Question 33

What are implication of the blicket detector study?

Answer 33

Positive information is stronger than negative information

Question 34

What is the holmesian deduction?

Answer 34

Once you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, however impossible, must be the truth

Question 35

What is judicial exoneration?

Answer 35

If one suspect confesses, then we let the other suspect go

Question 36

What is causal reasoning?

Answer 36

A set of hypotheses make predictions for the types of observation that you are likely to observe, upon observing these predicted events, those hypotheses are strengthened, other hypotheses are rejected

Question 37

What is Baye’s rule?

Answer 37

Prior beliefs x Likelihood of observed event

Question 38

What does Baye’s rule suggest?

Answer 38

Possible explanations should be combined with the data to update our beliefs in each hypothesis