export_(DL) lecture 9 recognition memory Flashcards
What does the attentional bottleneck do?
Limits the amount of information that is perceived
What impairs memory?
Distance and distractions
What attracts attention?
Distinctive features
What was Loftus et al’s (1987) study on salient features?
Either present cash at store or presented gun at store and tested memory for faces
What did Loftus et al find?
Less hits in weapon condition as participants were focusing on the gun not the face
What is the retrieval bottleneck?
What we retrieve from memory depends on the details which cue that memory
What is a schema?
A concept or set of ideas or a framework for representing some aspect of the world
What do schemata influence?
How you interpret new information and play a large role in determining what you pay attention to when learning
How are schemas beneficial?
Improves comprehension and recall for passages
How can schemas be negative?
Can lead to distortions in memory, information which is inconsistent with the schema is often reinterpreted or distorted to fit the schema, schema are very hard to change, even in the face of contradictory information
How did the study by Carmichel, Hogan and Walter (1932) on constructive memory go?
One group of participants was told an ambiguous shape was a pair of glasses, the other group was told that the shape was a dumbbell, participants were then asked to recall the shape
What did Carmichel, Hogan and Walter find?
The shape when recalled was distorted according to what they were told, recollections were altered in the direction of the label, knowledge of the item superseded the actual details of the studied item
How did the study by Sir Frederick Bartlett (1932) go?
Told participants a tale called “The War of Ghosts”, asked participants to repeat it immediately and several days or weeks later
What did Sir Frederick Bartlett find happened in the changes to the story?
General outline stays constant for each subject after first recall, style and rhythm are altered, forms and items become stereotyped, story is rationalised, meaning of various symbols is added, with infrequent reproduction, details are omitted or simplified and items be transformed to more familiar forms
How did Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) study on manipulating expectations go?
Participants viewed slides of a traffic and asked to make an estimate of the speed of the car when it “hit, smashed, collided, bumped, contacted” into the other car
What did Loftus and Palmer find?
Speed estimate increased as severity of suggest word increased, when asked is there was broken glass, more like to respond “yes” if smashed was used compared to hit
How does manipulating expectations work with line ups?
When given the instruction that “appearances may have changed”, false alarms increase in target present and absent line ups (liberal bias)
What is the continued influence effect?
The persistent reliance on misinformation even when people can recall a correction or retraction
How did the Warehouse fire experiment go?
Participants heard a series of police calls about a warehouse fire, in control condition there was no information about the cause of the fire, in the immediate condition there was information about oil cans and gas cylinders in the warehouse but immediately after it was said that the can and cylinders were empty, delayed condition was similar to immediate condition but information about cans and cylinders being empty was delayed
What was found from the Warehouse fire experiment?
Misinformation results in more references to negligence, no different in recall of retraction, even when you know something has been retracted, it still influences your memory
What was the causal role of misinformation in the Warehouse fire experiment?
Inferences based on misinformation only occurred when the volatile material could have been the cause of the fire, not just recall alone but incorporation into the overall schema of the event, corrections are more effective when they contain an alternative causal story
What is the practical importance of misinformation?
It has been shown that mock jurors continue to rely on inadmissible evidence even when they claim to have obeyed instructions to ignore
What happened with the WMDs and Iraq?
Bush administration made hundreds of false statements about the security risk posed by Iraq, initial reports were usually identified as tentative and always followed by explicit disconfirmation
What did this “piecemeal” updating of information amplify?
Two known limitations of human information processing; people’s propensity to remember false things that are implied but never presented, people’s inability to discount corrected information
How did the study by Lewandowsky, Stritzke, Oberayer and Morales (2005) on misinformation and propaganda go?
Examined the extent to which people resisted false memories for war-related events in Australia, America and Germany
What were the the critical manipulations in the study about misinformation and propaganda?
Critical manipulations involved the type of event; events thought to be true, events that were initially presented as true but then retracted, freely invented fictional events
What was found about the study on misinformation and propaganda?
No difference between different countries in memory for the retractions, higher belief that the false retracted items were true by American respondents
How did Godden and Baddeley’s (1975) study on context and memory go?
Divers learned lists of words on dry land and underwater and had to recall the words in either the original learning environment or in an alternative environment
What did Godden and Baddeley find?
Lists learned underwater were best recalled underwater and vice versa
What is the testing effect?
Context helps later retrieval
What does Zipf’s law state?
Given some corpus of natural language utterances, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table
What is the frequency table in Zipf’s law?
Most frequent word will occur twice as often as second most frequent word, which occurs twice as often as fourth most frequent word
