export_gi bacteria i

Question 1

Diagnosis of diarrhea

Answer 1

Passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day

Question 2

Diarrhea is the leading cause of ___ in children under 5

Answer 2

Malnutrition

Question 3

What is the most likely mode of transmission of GI infections?

Answer 3

Fecal-oral route

Question 4

Which GI host defenses can actually trigger bacterial virulence

Answer 4

Mucus

Bile

Question 5

Benefits of GI microbiota

Answer 5

Competitive exclusion

Digest indigestible materials

Question 6

Negatives of GI microbiota

Answer 6

Effects on immunity

Can digest food into carcinogens

Question 7

Gastritis

Answer 7

Inflammation of the stomach

Question 8

Gastroenteritis

Answer 8

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

Question 9

Diarrhea

Answer 9

Frequent loose and fluid-filled stools

Question 10

Dysentery

Answer 10

Inflammatory disorder of the GI tract

Blood/pus in feces, pain, fever, abdominal cramps

Question 11

Enteritis

Answer 11

Inflammation of the intestines, especially the small intestine

Question 12

Enterocolitis

Answer 12

Inflammation of the mucosa of the small and large intestine

Question 13

Colitis

Answer 13

Inflammation of the large intestine

Question 14

Symptoms of patient with inflammatory GI bacteria

Answer 14

More likely to see occult or visible blood

More likely to see fecal leukocytes

Question 15

Non-inflammatory GI bacteria

Answer 15

Some do not produce known toxins and just bind to epithelial cells
OR
Some secrete non-cytotoxic toxins

Both result in increased electrolyte and water efflux

Question 16

1-8 hours after ingestion of GI bacterial-infected food

Answer 16

Preformed toxin

S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum

Question 17

8-16 hours after ingestion of GI bacterial-infected food

Answer 17

Production of toxin after ingestion

Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum

Question 18

16+ hours after ingestion of GI bacterial-infected food

Answer 18

Adherence, growth, and virulence factor production

Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, EHEC, EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, Campylobacter, Vibrio

Question 19

Two types of food poisoning

Answer 19

Preformed toxins

Spore ingestion/germination

Question 20

Symptoms of food poisoning

Answer 20

Diarrhea, vomiting, or both

NO FEVER

Question 21

Four causes of food poisoning

Answer 21

S. aureus (not spore forming)
Clostridium botulinum (spore forming)

Clostridium perfringens (spore forming)

Bacillus cereus (spore forming)

All are Gram+

Question 22

S. aureus features and disease causative agent

Answer 22

Gram-positive cocci, non-spore forming

Ingestion of a preformed toxin

Question 23

S. aureus pathogenesis and treatment for food poisoning

Answer 23

Vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain 1-8 hours after consumption
Heat-stable toxin

Supportive therapy

Question 24

Clostridium botulinum features and disease causative agents

Answer 24

Gram-positive rod, spore forming

Botulism toxin

Question 25

Clostridium botulinum pathogenesis for food poisoning

Answer 25

Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain 1-8 hours (preformed toxin) or 8-16 hours (spores) Progresses to flaccid paralysis, muscle weakness, respiratory arrest

Question 26

Clostridium botulinum complications and treatment for food poisoning

Answer 26

Lingering weakness and dyspnea up to 1 year after primary disease Supportive therapy and IV anti-toxin administration

Question 27

Clostridium perfringens features and disease causative agents for food poisoning

Answer 27

Gram-positive rod, spore forming | C. perfringens enterotoxin

Question 28

Clostridium perfringens pathogenesis and treatment for food poisoning

Answer 28

Enterotoxin associated with meat held at below recommended temperatures 8-16 hours, diarrhea and abdominal cramps lasting for about 24 hours Supportive therapy

Question 29

Bacillus cereus features and causative agent for food poisoning

Answer 29

``` Gram-positive, spore forming Preformed toxin (emetic form) ``` Production of toxins (diarrheal form)

Question 30

Bacillus cereus emetic food poisoning pathogenesis

Answer 30

Vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps 1-8 hours after ingestion | Heat-stable enterotoxin associated with rice

Question 31

Bacillus cereus diarrheal food poisoning pathogenesis

Answer 31

Diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps 8-16 hours after ingestion Heat-liable enterotoxin is produced in the intestine, associated with meat and vegetables

Question 32

Bacillus cereus food poisoning treatment

Answer 32

Supportive therapy

Question 33

H. pylori features and disease

Answer 33

Gram-negative, curved rod, microaerophilic | Ulcers and chronic gastritis

Question 34

H. pylori pathogenesis

Answer 34

Flagella Urease Cytotoxin - VacA Adhesins

Question 35

Diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori

Answer 35

Urea breath test, biopsy | Combo of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors

Question 36

Listeria monocytogenes features and resistances

Answer 36

Gram positive rods, facultative anaerobes Intracellular pathogen Wide temperature growth range, resistance to high salt concentration, and wide pH range

Question 37

Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes in healthy adults

Answer 37

Usually asymptomatic | May have fever, nausea, and/or diarrhea

Question 38

Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes in immunocompromised adults

Answer 38

Bacteremia | Meningitis and encephalitis

Question 39

Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes in pregnancy

Answer 39

There is a risk of transmission to neonate

Question 40

Granulomatosis infantiseptica

Answer 40

Pyogenic granulomas distributed over the whole body | In utero transmission can result in premature birth or abortion, or have a later onset (2-3 weeks after birth)

Question 41

Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis

Answer 41

Adhesion and uptake Internalized into endocytic vacuole Acidification and escape Replication in cytosol Spread to other cells Disseminated infection

Question 42

Internalin-A

Answer 42

Adherence and induced uptake for Listeria monocytogenes

Question 43

LLO

Answer 43

Disrupt vacuole membrane to allow for escape into cytosol for Listeria monocytogenes

Question 44

ActA

Answer 44

Mediates actin polymerization, which allows bacteria to spread to neighboring cells and blood stream

Question 45

Listeria monocytogenes diagnosis

Answer 45

Microscopy is INSENSITIVE | Cold enrichment selection of CSF culture, weak beta-hemolysis on blood agar

Question 46

Listeria monocytogenes treatment and prevention

Answer 46

Beta-lactam or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | No vaccine

Question 47

Non-inflammatory GI Bacteria Spp.

Answer 47

EPEC, ETEC, listeria monocytogenes, vibrio cholera

Question 48

Inflammatory GI Bacteria Spp.

Answer 48

samonella spp., campylobacter jejuni, C. difficile (severe cases), EHEC, EIEC, Shigella spp., vibrio parahaemolyticus, yersinia enterocolitica

Question 49

watery, sometimes bloody or often bloody diarrhea

Answer 49

EHEC, campylobacter jejuni, shigella spp., yersinia enterocoliticia, EIEC, clostridium difficile, vibrio parahaemolyticus

Question 50

Watery, rarely bloody diarrhea

Answer 50

EPEC, ETEC, food-poisoning, Clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus, vibrio cholerae, samonella spp., listeria monocytogenes