EXPLOSIVES Flashcards
substance is a solid or liquid substance (or a mixture of substances) that is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.
EXPLOSIVE
explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter)
Black Powder
the discovery of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose
before 1850
the invention of dynamites and mercury fulminate blasting cap
after 1850
smokeless powder was made
1887
Where did we employ explosive?
Mining
Digging
Trucks and airplanes
Mining of all kinds depends on_____, it is necessary to act as the clearing, of stumps and large boulders from land.
blasting
Digging of holes for tree planting and ditches for drainage is quickly efficiently, and cheaply done by means of
dynamite
is a material that, under the influence of thermal or mechanical shock, decomposes rapidly and spontaneously with the evolution of a great deal of heat and much gas
explosive
contains lead azide, mercury fulminate, diazodinitro-phenol, lead styphnate (lead trillitro-resorcillate).
Initiating or primary explosives (detonators)
sensitive materials which can be made to explode by the application of fire or by means of a slight blow.
Initiating or primary explosives (detonators)
used in primers, detonators, and percussion caps
Initiating or primary explosives (detonators)
includes amatols, pentaerythritoltetranitrate, cyclonite (hexogen or R.D.X.), tetryl,l dynamites, nitro-starch.
High explosives-trinitro-toluene (T.N.T.)
insensitive to both mechanical shock and flame but explode with great violence when set off by an explosive shock such as that which would be obtained by detonating a small amount of an initiating explosive in contact with the high explosive.
High explosives-trinitro-toluene (T.N.T.)
in high and primary explosives, decomposition proceeds by means of
detonation
is rapid chemical destruction progressing directly through the mass of the explosive.
detonation
also is used as a booster between the initiating and high explosive
tetryl
-mode of decomposition is burn.
-less shattering
- evolve large volumes of gas on combustion in a definite and controllable manner.
Low explosives or propellants-colloided cellulose nitrate (smokeless powder)
refers to all black powder having sodium or potassium nitrate as a constituent
black blasting powder
Considered to be one of the most useful explosives
black blasting powder
- One which has been approved by the US Bureau of Miners or British Ministry of Fuel and Power for use in gas or dust-filled mines.
permissible explosive
how many percent does permissible explosives are employed in coal mines
99%
constitutes over 65 percent of the weight of the permissible
ammonium nitrate explosives
contain an excess of free water or carbon
nitro-glycerine explosives
permissible explosive includes
ammonium nitrate,
hydrated,
organic nitrate and
nitroglycerin
power is also called
brisance
may be measured by exploding a small quantity of it in a sand bomb
power or brisance
a heavy-walled vessel designed to resist the explosion without being ruptured
sandbomb
sand bomb cotains how many grams of ottawa silica sand
200 grams
the sand is sieved and the weight of sand passing through the 20-mesh screen is taken as a measure of the power of the explosive being tested
false-(30)
measures the power of the explosive by measuring the ballooning of a soft lead cylinder in which the explosive is inserted and exploded
trauzl block test
how deep is the center hole of the trauzl block
125 mm
how many grams of explosive is used in making the trauzl block test and the results are reported in terms of the cubic centimeters of increase in volume caused by the detonation of the explosive.
10 grams
is determined by finding the height from which a standard weight must be allowed to fall in order to detonate the explosive and is important in the case of initiating explosives
sensitvity
a recent method developed for determining the velocity of detonation
high-speed photography.
is dependent on many factors including the composition of the explosive, the density at which it was loaded BEFORE firing, and the degree of confinement.
velocity of detonation
tests that are frequently run to determine the stability of explosives on storage
accelerated aging tests
The speed required for the evolution of traces of oxides of nitrogen at a comparatively high temperature is most frequently used for this purpose.
false (time)
holds the primer, igniter, and propellant charge
steel or thin brass cartridge
The bursting charge or high explosive is usually T.N.T. alone or in admixture with, for example, P.E.T.N., R.D.X., or tetryl.
T.N.T. alone or in admixture with, for example, P.E.T.N., R.D.X., or tetryl.
sets off a small quantity of a primary explosive (detonator) which causes the explosion of the booster
fuze
an explosive of intermediate sensitivity (between that of a primary explosive and the bursting charge), which picks up the explosive wave from the primary explosive, amplifies it, and ensures the complete detonation of the bursting charge.
booster
contains a small amount of a primary explosive or sensitive mixture
primer
sequence in the ammunition
igniter
propellant
projectile
fuze
detonator
booster
bursting charge
must have heavy walls and contain an explosive so insensitive to impact .
projectiles designed for armor pirceing
At high enough temperatures, ________can violently decompose on its own. This process creates gases including nitrogen oxides and water vapor.
ammonium nitrate
-extremely low sensitivity to impact
-low cost of production
-excellent thermal stability
Guanidine picrates
2 suitable explosives that can be used in projectiles
ammonium nitrate
guanidine picrate
Special projectiles loaded with lead balls embedded in a matrix of rosin or bakelite and
equipped with a time fuze causing them to explode in mid-air are known as
shrapnel
pushed black powder out of use as a military propellant.
nitro-cellulose
what is the molecular weight of cellulose
300,000
The finished nitro-cellulose should not be allowed to become acid in use or storage as this catalyzes its further decomposition.
true
is added which reacts with any trace of nitrous, nitric, or sulfuric acid that may be released due to the decomposition of the nitro-cellulose and thus stop further decomposition.
stabilizer
the stabilizer used in smokeless powder
diphenylamine
stabilizer used in celluloid
urea
Poaching of the washed nitrated cotton by boiling first with a dilute Na2CO3 solution (5 lb. soda ash per ton of the cellulose nitrate) and then with many washes of boiling pure water
unit pr.
The poached nitro-cellulose is freed of most of its water by
centrifugation
centrifugation of poached nitro-cellulose results in how many percent water content
28%
The water content of the nitrated cotton is reduced to a low figure by _________ under ______
alcohol percolation
pressure dehydration (Op.).
The nitro-cellulose produced in this manner contains about 12.6% nitrogen and is known as pyrocotton.
pyrocotton.
the nitrogen content may be made as high as 13.6% nitrogen by using
stronger acid
Cotton nitrated to contain 13.2% nitrogen or greater is known as
guncotton.
The modern military smokeless powder contains about ____ nitrogen and is made from a blend of pyro- and guncotton.
13.15%
is colloided nitro-cellulose containing about 1% of diphenylamine to improve its storage life and a small amount of a plasticizer
smokeless powder
oldest known propellant.
Black powder
replace black powder for its smokelessness, superior power, and better storage characteristics
smokeless powder
are low explosives consisting of fuels that include their own oxidant or other reactants necessary to cause the planned reaction
rocket propellants
added to the combustion chamber as liquids used in a single propellant system, serving as fuel, oxidizer, and catalyst
liquid propellants
used in bipropellant systems- fuels and oxidizers stored in two fuel tanks and fed separately to the combustion chamber
liquid fuel
combined the fuel and oxidizer in one mixture
monopropellants
used in large high-performance rockets for their specific impulse and low cost
LOX and LH2
have the advantage over liquid because of their simple design and they are easily stored, handed, and serviced
SOLID PROPELLANTS
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLID PROPELLANTS
HETEROGENOUS OR COMPOSITE
HOMOGENOUS
APPLICATION OF SOLID PROPELLANTS
PROPULSIVE UNITS FOR MISSILES
TARGET DRONES
SUPERSONIC SLEDS
a type of spacecraft that require rocket propulsion for launching
Artificial satellites
Industrial procedures which make use of small quantities of explosive
Miscellaneous Industrial Explosive
can be placed without backing devices
Explosive rivets
extremely reliable on space missions and in industrial emergency devices
Explosive thrustors
, pin pullers,
separators,
and release deviceS
to form plate heat exchangers
- Explosive welding –
are explosive powered
Ejection seat
mixture of strong oxidizing agents, oxidizable material and material acting as binders that alter the character of the flame with color-producing chemical
pyrotechnics
Pyrotechnics mixtures uses
illuminatiing flares
marine signal rockets
red signal flare by trucks and trains
colored knowght mixtures fir military purposes
is an essential industry that is highly mechanized
manufacture of matches
A fuel with a low kindling point
phosphorous sesquisulfide
oxidizing agent in matches
potassium or barium chlorate
two categories of matches
safety and strike-anywhere
cost is less vital and accent is on performance and good storage life
military explosives
major explosive substance
Ammonium nitrate
used for armor-piercing shells for its extraordinary resistance to shock
ammonium pictrate
Important military explosive with a mixture of ammonium nitrate
Loaded into bombs and shells in a molten state because of its low melting point
Made by multiple-stage nitration of toluene with nitric and sulfuric acids
trinitrotoluene
2,4,6- trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, C6H2(NO2)3NCH3NO2
Used as a base charge in blasting caps, booster explosive in high-explosive shell, and ingredient of binary explosives
tetryl
2,4,6- trinitrophenol
Manufactured by the nitration of mixed phenolsulfonates with mixed acid
pictric acid
Ammonium picrate
Made by neutralization of mixed phenolsulfonate with mixed acids.
explosive D
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate C(CH2ONO2)4
One of the most brisant and sensitive of the military high explosive
Use as a booster explosive, bursting charge, or plastic demolition charge
Desensitized by admixture with TNT or addition of wax
PETN
Cyclonite or sym-trimethylenetrinitramine (CH2)3N3(NO2)3
One of the most powerful explosive known at present time
Used in a mixture with TNT and aluminium, known as torpex for mines, depth charges and torpedo warheads
RDX
Replace mercury fukminate as an initiating explosive for blasting caps
Has remarkable stability, involves no strategic materilas, and can be manufactured in large batches
LEAD AZIDE
Trinitroresorcinol
Forms two salt on reaction with lead acetate or nitrate, basic lead stypnate C6H2(NO2)3OPbOH and lead styphnate
STYPHNIIC ACID
basic styphnate is a favorite primer ingredient
LEAD STYPHNATE
were the largest single category of chemical supplies consumed during World War 2 and were the vital factors in that victory
Incendiaries
Take the form of bombs, bomblets, artillery shells and grenades
incendiaries
two classes of incediaries
metallic and peroleum
causes ignition of combustible materials at the target
incediary
oldest chemical weapon known to humans
flammable mixture
mixture of aluminum powder and iron oxide
thermite
when ignited, burn fiercely at a high temperature and cannot extinguished by means of water
thermite
Modern use began 1915 with the release of chlorine
Toxic Chemicals
toxic agents are designed to produce temporary incapacity
true
toxic agents control riots and civil disobedience
true
toxic agents produce sneezing, tears, vomiting and nausea
true
use to hide area on a temporary basis
dispersed by mechanical, thermal, and chemical means
smokes or persistent fogs
Created by forming low volatile droplets of water which remain dispensed in air
fogs
used in smoke grenade
oil vapor mists
Made by burning pyrotechnics mixture which volatilizes various heat-resistant organic dyes
Colored smokes
