Explosive materials and safety reguations 7345 Flashcards
What must conventional explosive material have?
- be capable of initiation by heat, shock and friction.
- on initiation, decompose rapidly producing a very large volume of gas.
- have a typical expan**sion ratio of 10,000: 1 in microseconds.
- be stable during handling, storage and transportation.
what are the classifications of explosive?
high explosive = high speed decomposition around 20,000 ft/sec - produces a shockwave
low/propellant explosives = burns at 10,000 ft/sec - used to propel projectiles, produce heat, smoke, light, or sound
what would be the responce to initiation?
- Burning
- Explosion
- Detonation
What is TAMPING?
The means of confining an explosive
What would be the effect of raising the temperature of an explosive?
Temp of explosives on initiation is in the the range of thousands of degrees.
By adding aluminium additives the temp can be further increased,
This accelerates the explosion.
Name and describe the explosive properties definitions
- Sensitivity = measure of the shock, heat or friction required to initiate explosion
- Power = measure of the energy used for the expanding gases
- Stability = measure of an explosives resistance to shock or heat during handling and manufacture
- Life = period of time the properties and characteristics will remain unchanged within limits, calculated by the ordnance board.
- Brisance = shattering effect of the explosive, speed of the shockwave reacting against the resistance of the material - shrapnel
- Insensitive munitions (I.M.) = minimul probability of inadvertent initiation
What is an explosive train?
the initiation train begining with the first explosive element (primer, detonator) terminating in the main charge
arrangegement
initiator - intermediary - main filling
what are the two types of fuze?
separate fuzing components
shuttered fuze
Big fucking shaped penis
what types of warhead are there?
describe
Blast = thin case weapons, expends small amount of explosive disrupting the case
fragmentation = Rod bundle, known size of fragments, use less explosive,
penetration = thick case able to enter tarh=get without breraking up, effective against structures,
shaped charge = “munro effect”, max armour penetration by focusing explosion over a small area, molten metal from a special liner, small amount of explosive, detonation occures a few inches from target
Explain what effects explosive have at different locations?
- Air = explosives cause damage via blast and fragmentation
- at ground level = blast, fragmentation, detonation also causes craters that add to the fragmentation effect
- underground = detonations transmit shock wave into the subsoil, damages foundations of buildings and bridges, gaseous expance throws up soil creating craters and damaging services like pipes and cables
- underwater = plast presssure wave, causing damage by the crushing effect
what defines the burning time of propellents?
- chemical construction
- physical shape
- container shape
name three types of rocket motors in use
- boost motors
- sustainer motors
- composite motors
POD
3 catagories air weapons and explosive stores fit into?
- operational/warshot
- practice
- drill
band size of Role and hazard indications on OME
25 mm for hazard
50 mm for role
12 colours
colour code chart for OME
refer to book chapter A page 9
golden yellow
brown
grey
black
silver
eur-de-nil
white
red
pink
oxford blue
orange
deep saxe blue
explain cook-off
inadvertant ignition of explosive through conduction of container
what effects of initiation from fire can occure?
burning = burns fiercely, no damage from blast, or debris therefore no hazard to fire fighters
deflagration = rapid burning of explosives, and ejection of un-reacted material, minor blast damage
explosion = extensive damage from blast and fragmentation, below that of detonation, great hazard to fire fighting capability,
detonation = stores will be shattered, with maximum damage, from blast and fragmentation, major hazard to fire fighting capability
fire fighter need to be aware of the hazard associated with fires involving explosives, where is this information promulgated?
- JSP 862 addendum, ships explosives store safety instructions
- Relevent munitions technical publications ashore
what is the difference between risk time and hazard time?
- Risk time is the time it takes for ignition or deflagration to occure
- hazard time is the time from and event occuring to effective fire fighting before explosion
what action is taken during a crash/fire?
- determine stores fitted
- apply safety devices
- controls and switches operated to safe
- isolate A/C battery
- Observe safety precautions request fire and salvage team
- remove all explosives from A/C as soon as possible
- make sure no un-authorised personel approach scene
- confirm all ships AED and local orders
explain hang-fire?
unwanted delay in the firing of a weapon system
explain misfire?
failure to fire or explode properly
explain hang-up?
this is a weapon stoppage, that cannot be cleared from A/C while in the air
or a weapon failures to release from its carrier
SOS
what are the 3 categories of lifing?
service life
storage life
operation life
where are the lifing details promulgated?
in the (JSMCR) joint service munitions control register, part 3 lifed items register (LIR)
what is extrusion?
alluminium additives can produce hydrogen gas through the effects of heating,
the heat can cause the explosives to become pliable and gas pressure to build up and force filling out of holes, crack and screw heads
what is exudation?
when mixed with additives explosives can deteriorate causing an oily brown liquid to be produced, this can crystallize if it comes into contact with the air.
this substance is highly sensitive
what are the handling precautions of explosives?
- sufficient time should be allowed for handling, receiving and dispatching explosive
- only use authorised equipment used when handling
- before use checks on all equipment used in handling the explosives, by qualified supervisor ensuring equipment is in date for use
- ensure no ID marking of explosives are destroyed while handling, or altered in anyway
what additional checks are carried out while handling explosives?
- the condition of the safe arming device (SAD)
- protective covers are in place
- safety pins and devices are in place
- no leakage or internal fluids
- no external damage
what actions are to be taken for damaged weapons?
if any damaged is found outisde of what is recored in the weapon log book then:
- the weapon is not to be used
- set aside for critical examination by a specialist officer
- segrated from servicable weapons
- investigate how damage could of occured
- raise the defect in the correct report
what is the purpose of transportation markings?
enforce rules of stowage and transportation for different groups of explosives
what are the main category of explosives class?
- 1.1A = class 1 division 1: mass explosion hazard
- 1.2E = class 1 division 2: projection hazard
- 1.3C class 1 division 3: fire hazard
- 1.4E class 1 division 4: no significant hazard
how are explosives further divided?
further divided into one of 13 other compatibility groups, in the form of a letter added to the hazard division
what regulation provides guidance for any involvement with explosives?
JSP 482 MOD explosives regulations
provides guidance for all personnel, concerned with management, storage, transportation, handling, maintenance, inspection, processing and disposal of explosives and explosives storage facilites within MOD
PIR
what does ESA stand for, and what is its purpose?
Explosive storage area:
storage of explosives
authorised missile preperation, inpection and rectification
‘bomb-dump’
what does PES stand for and use?
potential explosives site:
any explosive storehouse, locker, compartment or designated area that contains explosives
what does ESH stand for andwhat is its use?
Explosives store house:
any authorised building or portion of a building that is required for permament stowage of explosives
what does EPA stand for and use?
Explosives processing area:
an area designated to stow or work on weapons or weapon equipment
What does EDP stand for and use?
Explosive delivery point:
formally agreed upon position detailed in station orders, to where, explosives may be delivered,
and responsibility transfered to relevent custodians usually OOQ or Sqdn ERO(shore)
what is the ESAM responsible for?
Explosive storage area manager:
a qualified SR
responsible to HoE ESR
Ensures that all saftey and security regulation within the ESA are adhered to
what is the OOQ responsible for?
officer of the Quarter
authorised SR
Responsible to ESAM
responsible for safety, accounting and transportation of explosives within the ESA to EDP
what is the role of the CM?
competent maintainer
SR/LR/JR or civil servant
aurthorised to carry out maintenance or prep within ESA
basicaly the same as ESAM
What is the role of the ERO (shore)?
explosive responsible officer (Shore)
Officer
responsible to HoE ESR
responsible for following regulations for the safety of explosives on disembarked FAA Sqdn and NAC establishments are enforced
what is the role of the SOOQ?
Specialist officer of the quarter
AV SR
responsible for safe management after EDP to all associated quarters (PES, EPAs, A/C and loading areas)
what is the role of the TAC?
Temporarey ammunitions custodian
Officer/ SR/ LR nominated by the ERO
assists the SOOQ with safe managment and custody of all explosives after the EDP
LR only is special circumstance
what are the responsibities of the LAET AV involved with OME?
- safe conduct of tasks involving explosives
- assisting sqdn/unit SOOQ or TAC with custody, handling and storage or stores received at the EDP
- supply, preperation and loading of explosive stores to A/C
- fitting and removal of EEDs
- replen of pyrotechnics
- under certain circumstance can be nominated for TAC with relavent training
how often are inspections of stations PES carried out?
monthly. by the ERO OR ESAM
3 monthly. by HoE ESR
closing down. by person returning the key
how is an explosive licence granted?
The inspector explosives (IE) will inspect the proposed stowage area of the explosives then authorise and issue explosives site licence
how long is the explosives licence valid for?
licences have a max life of 5 years
What does jsp MMER stand for and provide
JSP 862 MOD maritime explosives regulations (MMER) provides a uniform set of guidlines for safe
embarkation
storage
handling
and use of explosives on ships owned or operated by the MOD
Ass looks sexy after ales
What does 862 part 1 entail?
JSP 862 part 1 surface ships addendum (contains platfdorm specific information)
(C.S.E.) certificate of safety explosives
(C.S.E.P.) certificate of saftey explosives prescription
(A.L.E.S.) authorised list of explosives stores
(S.E.X.S.S.I) ships explosives stores safety instruction
(R.A.S.S) replenishment at sea specifications
ESA
what are the permanent quarters used for
magazines for permanent storage of explosives
Controled by OOQ
what is the Temp quarters used for
a combination of RU lockers, weapon parks or paltforms where explosive scan be temporarily held
controlled by a TAC
what is a Magazine?
a compartment of the ship designed for safe permamanet storage of explosives
W - (TAMP)
what is the weapon test assembly magazine?
an compartment on the ship where explosives can be safely assembled, tested, maintained and prepped for use
on ships what is the EDP?
explosives delivery point
formerly agreed positon detailed in SGO where explosives may be delivered
and responsibility transfered between ERO and SUO or representatives
what is the approach compartment?
a compartment which has direct access to a compartment used for the storage of explosives,
under securty conditions this will be locked
what is the adjacent compartment for?
compartment that shares decks, deckheads or bulkheads with the magazine
what is a designated danger area
compartments and spaces that are not fitted for explosives or munitions but contain explosives or munitions, increasing hazard to the ship,
where are the desginated danger areas?
weapons lifts
upper decks/ weapons parks
weapoms hoists / trunks
package examination rooms
weapon handling / transfer space
onboard ship what is the job of the ERO?
explosives responsible officer
WEO/AEO on QNLZ class or DERO
ensures regulations for safety of all explosives is enforced,
and responsible for magazines and competence of OOQ saftey and handling of explosives
on ship who is the OOQ and what is their job?
Officer of the quarter
Officer/ SR
responsible to the ERO
responsible for safe custody of explosives
on board who is the DOOQ?
Officer of the quarter
Officer/ SR
responsible to the ERO
responsible for safe custody of explosives out of hours of the ERO or leave periods
SOOQ
what is the role of the SUO?
specialist user officer
officers
temperarily responsible for explosives stores after the EDP
what is the role of the TAC on board ship
Temporary ammunitions custodian
officer/SR
authorised by ERO for safe management of stores after the EDP of all explosives associated with the temp quarter listed in the explosives log
what must a TAC do before taking up their duties?
before taking up thier duties the must pass an oral and practical examination for all quarters concerned carried out by the ERO, and certification to be recorded in the explosives saftey log
What is the role of a CU on-board?
a person who is required to handle or operate explosive stores to meet operational requirments
all perons handling explosives stores must be supervised by a leading rate or above
what is the role of the SAERO?
speciaist air explosives responsible officer
AEO
responsible to the ship SUO
responsible for the embarked OME safety, standards and practices for delegated tasks
What is the role of the LO?
logistics officer
officer
responsible for the accounting of OME in accordance with JSP886
when and by who are the explosives quarters checked?
daily inspections
ERO/DERO/OOQ/DOOQ/TAC another duty officer nominated by XO
weekly inspection
ERO/DERO
closing down inspections
CU
CU are not to conduct daily inspections of the permanent or temp stowage
STOCKFULL
when inspecting explosives what key points do you pay attention to?
STOWAGES - stores are secured, pins, battens, securing clips are correctly in place. containers clean an extra attention to spaces
TEMPERATURE - correct and recorded
OILS AND GREASES - Leaks or oily rags
CLIPS - water tight doors, hatches, hoist and oil-tight manholes are servicable and secure
KEYS - doors and hatches are locked and keys contolled
FIREFIGHTING - spraying arrangements are portable fire fighting equipment is servicable free from leaks and in place, no materials that could be a fire hazard present, clear access to fire-fighting boundary
UNAUTHORISED ITEMS - no article that is not on the magazine designated capacity list in the magazine
LIDS - lids of all containers secured properly
LIGHTS - all electrical equipment including lights to be switched off, when magazine is not in use
when and by who are the adjacent compartments to be checked?
DAILY - all adjacent compartments are to be checked internally by an authorised person of the appropriate department
SILENT HOURS - all unlocked adjacent compartments are to be inspected daily during silent hours (0100-0600) and machines are to be checked hourly
SECURITY CHECKS - all locked adjacent compartments are to be checked once during silent hours paying extra attention to locks and doors for security against unauthorised entry
WEEKLY - all adjacent compartments are to be inspected internally by the OOQ
MONTHLY - all adjacent compartments to be checked monthly by the ERO/DERO
who’s responsibility is the explosives log, and who control it?
XO
Damage control watch keeper
how do you ID the magazine and important keys
Magazine keys round tally
Armament important keys diamond tally
name the 3 security states
security conditions - normal condition during peacetime, all doors and hatches are to be kept locked
operational access condition - certain operational before conditions may direct the munitions to be unlocked, allowing quick access to munitions, the remainder remain in locked under security conditions
access condition - during times of war or operational readiness the decision not to lock the magazines my be ordered by the CO
who can issue munitions?
with a 1418A firing order and signature from SUO
what does the term casualty weapon mean?
casualty weapon is used to describe a damaged, defective, misfired or failed to function explosive store where reliability has safety implication
what does form S285A consist of?
list of persons keys can be issued to
list of keys to be kept on the magazine keyboard
list of explosives stowages
list of adjacent compartments to be inspected
