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Linguistics > Exploring English unit definitions > Flashcards

Exploring English unit definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Linguistics

A

The scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar,syntax and phonetics.

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2
Q

Grammar

A

Refer to ways of describing and analysing patterns of language

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3
Q

Traditional grammar

A

is used to analyse language. Sentences are first divided into smaller chunks and the word class labelled. Traditional grammar concentrates mainly on the properties of the nouns and verbs in a sentence and the relationship between them.

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4
Q

Phonetics

A

The study and classificationof speech sounds

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5
Q

Systemic functional grammar

A

Users begin analysing language by labelling sentence constituents according to their class, using box diagrams. Their main concerns are meaning and choice. The constituency analysis is used to investigate the function of each of these parts and therefore the meanings encoded in these chunks of language.

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6
Q

Constituents

A

A component part of something

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7
Q

Semantics

A

System of meanings

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8
Q

Syntax

A

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

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9
Q

Lexis

A

The level of language consisting of vocabularyas opposed to grammar or syntax

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10
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the form of words (how they are made up)

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11
Q

Phonology

A

System of sounds

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12
Q

Lexicogrammer

A

Systems of wording. Combination of word choices we use _the order we put the words in

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13
Q

Graphology

A

System of written symbols/letters

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14
Q

Syntactic

A

Relating to the rules of language

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15
Q

Clause

A

A grammatical structure that contains a verb. (A message that has any completeness about it -is a clause) consists of one or more groups/phrase and contains a verbal group.

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16
Q

Clause complex

A

Consists of one or more clauses

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17
Q

Morphemes

A

The most basic of the language building blocks. Every word is made up of one or more morphemes and this is so in all languages.

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18
Q

Experiential

A

Use language to explore our experience of the world or to set up the experience we want to offer our reader /listener

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19
Q

Interpersonal

A

We use language to relate to other people;we can inform or ask for information; we can give commands or make offers, we can express our opinions.

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20
Q

Textual

A

We use language to organise our thoughts into messages that have coherence and to make significant choices about what order to arrange the various parts of our message

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21
Q

Passive voice

A

A voice that indicates that the subject is the patient or recipient of the action denoted by the verb.

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22
Q

Agentless voice

A

Does not include the agent by phrase. Thematises the ‘done to’ and leaves out the do-er.

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23
Q

Active voice

A

A voice that indicates a subject has the semantic function of the actor (subject of the verb thermatises the ‘doer’).

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24
Q

Sentence

A

A language structure that consists of one or more clauses;at least one of the clauses must be a principal clause.

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25
Q

Arbitrariness

A

The quality of being based on random choice or personal whim.

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26
Q

Archaic

A

Very old fashioned

27
Q

Phrase

A

A grammatical structure that does not contain a verb

28
Q

Adjective

A

Are words that typically modify a noun

29
Q

Adverb

A

Are words used to modify or limit a verb, an adjective or another verb.

30
Q

Noun

A

Are words denoting persons, places, things and abstractions.

31
Q

Verb

A

Are words that express the occurrence of an action, existence of a state, and the like. Sometimes a noun is turned into a verb and, while it is being used as such, will behave like a verb by using verb forms such as tense, aspect, active or passive voice.

32
Q

Pronoun

A

Are words used as substitutes.

33
Q

Article

A

Are little words with powerful messages about the nouns; in English represented by the, an or a. An or a indicatesthat any representative of the category denoted by a noun is sufficient for the speaker’s purposes, whereas the always assumes that the addressee will know which representative of that category is meant.

34
Q

Conjunction

A

Are joining words. They can join small chunks of language such as nouns or verbs or larger chunks of language such as clauses

35
Q

Preposition

A

Are words placed before nouns to indicate their relation to other words or their function in their sentence. Pre means before and position means placed. By, to, in from are examples of prepositions in English.

36
Q

A finite verb

A

Are tied to a subject:by time (tense)or by probability, obligation or ability (modality). It is a verb that has a subject and shows tense. Example: he painted the fence

37
Q

Non -finite verb

A

Are not tied to a subject. Are infinitive; no boundaries of time, or probability, obligation or ability. Is a verb that does not show tense. Eg singing, reading

38
Q

Independent clause

A

Can stand alone as a complete sentence

39
Q

adpositional

A

Is a cover term for prepositions and postpositions. It is a member of a closed set of items that: occur before or after a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase.

40
Q

Prepositional phrase

A

Is an adpositional phrase in which a preposition is the head. The preposition precedes its complement.

41
Q

The Rank Scale

A 
Clause complex
Clause
Group or phrase
Word
Morpheme
42
Q

Nominal

A

Refers to a category used to group together nouns and adjectives based on shared properties

43
Q

Constituency

A

Dividing up the sentence into ng,vg ,pp, adv.g

44
Q

Experiential

A

Actor, process:material, goal,circumstance

45
Q

Interpersonal

A

Subject,finite +(past),predictor,complement,adjunct

46
Q

Interpersonal analysis

A

Subject, finite,predictor,complement→mood block and residue

47
Q

The mood block

A

Subject, finite and polarity

48
Q

Subject

A

Indicate the subject of a proposition.

49
Q

Speech function

A

statement
– offer
– question
– command

Speech Function is about the social purpose the Mood choice is used for.

50
Q

Subject

A

Who/what gets to be Subject of the finite clauses?
• Are the clauses active, with Subject mapped onto Actor in the case of material process for instance; or are the clauses passive, with the Goal/Range as Subject in the case of material process for instance?

51
Q

Finite

A

Are the Finites all tense Finites (present, past, future) and which tense is dominant?
• Does the choice of tense change; if so where and why?
• Are there any modal Finites and what is the nature of the modality expressed: obligation, certainty, possibility, probability, ability etc?

52
Q

Mood Adjuncts

A

closely associated with meanings construedby the Mood element: modality, temporality, intensity,
– often located very close to the verbal group,
– commonly signify speaker’s position in terms of: usuality, probability, certainty, typicality, obviousness: e.g. always, never, probably, maybe, generally, surely

53
Q

Comment Adjuncts

A

Comment Adjuncts
– less closely tied to the grammar of mood;
– restricted to declarative and interrogative clauses,
– signify speaker’s opinion about the whole message of the clause;
– typically come first or last in the clause,and are often separated by means of a comma: e.g. understandably, thankfully, on the whole, to my surprise

54
Q

Infinitive verb

A

Is the most basic form of the verb which signifies the event without specifying a subject and without indicating any time or duration of the event

55
Q

Modality

A

Refers to all positioning by speakers about probability, usuality, typicality, obviousness, obligation and inclination.

3 ways of doing so:

  • modal finite
  • an adverbial group or prepositional phrase (mood adjunct)
  • with an interpersonal grammatical metaphor
56
Q

Passive voice

A

Subject of verb thematises the done to example garbage was thrown all over her driveway by neighbours

57
Q

Agentless passive

A

Thematises the done to and leaves out the doer example garbage was thrown all over her driveway

58
Q

Active voice

A

Subject of verb thematises the doer example neighbours through garbage all over her driveway

59
Q

Mood adjuncts (book definition)

A

Purpose to express the speakers opinion about the probability obviousness typicality or usuality of the message in the clause : examples include probably perhaps surely obviously typically generally of course I think personally to my mind sometimes never often

60
Q

Comment adjuncts (book definition)

A

Purpose to express the speakers comment or reaction to the message in the clause : examples include in general terms, strictly speaking ,honestly, thankfully, surprisingly, hopefully, foolishly, regrettably, frankly to tell you the truth initially to my delight on the whole by mistake presumably initially

61
Q

Conjunctive adjuncts

A

Purpose to relate the clause to the preceding text examples include actually or rather in the same way therefore however nevertheless in conclusion in addition in other words next finally briefly for example alternatively in any case as a result

62
Q

Appraisal

A

Is used to highlight the ways speakers position their audience. It’s used to explore the words and grammatical structures we use to make evaluative meanings including expressing our emotion, our judgements of people’s behaviour and our appreciation of phenomena in the world.

63
Q

Cohesion

A

Cohesion deals with devices that give a text texture. Cohesive devices include the lexical devices of repetition, semantic relations, equivalence and semblance and the grammatical devices of reference, substitution and ellipsis.

Linguistics (9 decks)

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