Explaining Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal system
provides shape to the body
supports the weight of the body
supports and protects body organs
enable the body to move with help from muscles
acts as storage sites for minerals like calcium and phosphorus
produces blood cells.
Changes to the skeletal system with aging
Bones become less strong and more brittle due to loss of calcium and organic material. Decrease in new bone growth due to decreased sex hormones produced. Tendons and ligaments less flexible- decreased ROM. Shrinkage of intervertebral discs- body height decreases, thoracic spine curves (kyphosis)
The cardiac cycle and pumping of blood through the heart
Unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for gas exchange. After gas exchange the oxygenated blood returns through the four pulmonary veins into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, then through the aortic valve into the aorta and through the tissues/organs of the body.
What causes the heart sounds “lubb” “dupp”
Lubb: closure of the atrioventricular valves
Dupp: closure of the semilunar valves
Process of inspiration
Breathing in
Functions of the nervous system
Bring information to the central nervous system
Interpret the information
Respond to the information
Coordinates and directs the body’s organ systems
Process of expiration
Breathing out
How smoking affects the respiratory system
Causes inflammation of the airways
Carbon monoxide in tobacco displaces oxygen in blood, depriving organs
Smoking destroys the hairs in the airway that keeps out mucus and dirt
Damages airways and alveoli
Increase risk of infections, heart disease, stroke, etc.
Can cause chronic cough, wheezing, phlegm, SOB
Lung cancer, disease, COPD
Symptoms of cyanosis
Poorly oxygenated blood
skin tone seems blue.
How alcohol and narcotics affect oxygen needs and respiration
Slowed breathing
Reduced oxygen saturation
Sleep apnea
hypoxia
The functions of the medulla oblongata
Connects the spinal cord with the pons, acts as a relay for sensory and motor information. Controls the bodies vital signs. Sensitive to certain drugs, an opioid overdose can cause death as it kills the medulla and the person stops breathing.
The purpose of cerebral spinal fluid
A third layer of protection for the CNS, formed from blood from the brain, looks like clear soda, like plasma. Composed of water, glucose, protein, several ions. CSF is replaced every 8 hours. Delivers nutrients to the CNS and removes metabolic waste.
Symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction
May appear intoxicated, the cerebellum coordinates skeletal muscle activity, with cerebellar dysfunction, they may overshoot simple tasks like touching your nose.
Functions of the endocrine system
Hormones help regulate metabolic processes involving carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Hormones play an important role in growth and reproduction and help regulate water and electrolyte balance
Hormones help your body meet the demands of infection, trauma and stress
Symptoms of an inflammatory response to an allergen
Itchy rash, hives, swelling
Wheezing, SOB, abnormal breath sounds
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Runny nose, watery, itchy eyes, feeling warm, dizziness, headache
The purpose of a booster shot
Reminds the body’s immune system about a virus and improves the ability to defend against it
The minimum amount of water a person should consume per day
1500ml
How much water is loss per day from the human body
2500ml a day
The function of antidiuretic hormone
stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys, also constricts blood vessels
How the heart is affected by potassium
the potassium levels that are too high or low can affect the heart in different ways, high potassium can cause your heart to beat irregularly, can cause a heart attack. If potassium is low, arteries become stiffer and reduce muscle movements.
Why antibiotics can cause vaginal yeast infections
antibiotics kill healthy bacteria in the body that normally keep yeast in balance.
Where semen is formed and stored
60% of the volume comes from seminal vesicles and the rest from the prostate gland. It is formed and stored in the testicles, epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles
The function of the testes
they produce sperm and secrete the male hormone called testosterone.
Spermatogenesis
the formation of sperm within the seminiferous tubules
