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Biology Final Exam Study Guide PSW > Defining > Flashcards

Defining Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

describes the function of the body

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

study of structure

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

to stay the same, body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment

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4
Q

Organ systems

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Circulatory, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive. These organ systems perform specific functions that enable the human body to operate as a whole.

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of adenosine triphosphate production (ATP), the powerhouse of the cell.

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6
Q

Pathogen

A

the leading cause of disease is the invasion of pathogens or disease-producing microorganisms

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7
Q

Normal flora

A

group of microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease. For example. E. coli is part of normal flora of the large intestine is unintentionally transferred to the urinary bladder, causing a bladder infection.

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8
Q

Hypothermia

A

Excessive decrease in body temperature, prolonged exposure to cold, so low the body cannot sustain its metabolism

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9
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Excessive increase in body temperature, the bodies inability to rid of excess heat

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

attached to the bone, voluntary (chooses when to move), cells are long, cylinder or tube like composed of proteins to appear stripped or striated

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11
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

only in the heart, pumps blood, cells are long branching cells that fit together. Striated and involuntary.

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12
Q

Smooth muscle

A

found in the walls of the viscera, bronchioles and blood vessels, ex. Stomach called visceral muscle. It is involuntary, does not appear striated therefore it is nonstriated muscle. Contractions are slower and continues for a longer period

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13
Q

Atrophy

A

a cellular adaptive process that results in a decrease in size of a tissue or organ caused by a decrease in the number of cells or reduction in cell size.

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14
Q

Embolus

A

A thrombus is a blood clot, the process of blood clot formation. When a piece of the thrombus breaks off it forms a travelling clot called an embolus.

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15
Q

Red blood cells

A

called erythrocytes. Transport oxygen to all the tissues in the body. Filled with a large protein called hemoglobin – red pigment. Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Spleen plays major role in removal of old RBCs and recycling of iron

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16
Q

White blood cells

A

called leukocytes. Protects the body from infection. No hemoglobin – appear white in color. Defense against pathogens. Remove abnormal and damaged cells

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17
Q

Platelets

A

also called thrombocytes, protect the body from bleeding, prevents blood loss. Helps with homeostasis, becomes a barrier when vessels are damaged.

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18
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart, thickest layer, composed of cardiac muscle and contracts to pump blood.

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19
Q

Endocardium

A

Innermost layer of the heart, lines the valves. Smooth, shiny surface allows blood to flow easier.

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20
Q

Epicardium

A

thin, outermost layer of the heart. Helps to form the pericardium

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21
Q

Pericardium

A

supports the heart, attaches heart to surrounding structures. Has three layers: Epicardium, innermost layer. It folds back and becomes the parietal pericardium and attaches to the outer fibrous pericardium.

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22
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

the pacemaker of the heart, signal is called action potential, fires cardiac pulses, sets the rate the heart beats.

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23
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

path for cardiac impulse to travel from atrial conducting fibres to ventricular bundle of his. Slows cardiac impulse to move through AV node to bundle of his.

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24
Q

Alveoli

A

Bronchioles divide into tubes called alveolar ducts and the ducts end in small groups called alveoli. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide across alveolar-pulmonary capillary membrane. O2 diffuses from alveoli into the blood, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli.

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25
Epiglottis
cartilaginous structure at the top of the larynx, acts as a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing, so food doesn’t enter the lungs.
26
Cyanosis
sign of hypoxia, deficiency of O2 in the blood.
27
Neuron
most important in transmission of electrical signals. Neurons are nonmitotic and don’t replicate or replace when injured. Parts of a neuron is the cell body, dendrites and axon. Three types of neurons: Sensory neurons: carry information to the CNS Motor neurons: carries information away from the CNS Interneurons: found only in the CNS, forms connections between sensory and motor neurons within the CNS
28
Neuroglia or glial cells
nerve glue, most abundant of nerve cells located in the CNS, they support, protect, insulate, nourish, and care for delicate neurons.
29
Myelin sheath
a white fatty layer encasing most long nerve fibers in both peripheral and CNS
30
Axon
long extension that transmits signals away from the cell body. Includes: Myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, neurilemma, axon terminals
31
Axon terminals
the end of the axon that branches and stores chemical neurotransmitters. Contains myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, neurilemma and axon terminals.
32
Dendrites
tree-like structure that receives signals from other neurons and then transmits the signal toward cell body.
33
Cell body
contains the nucleus and is essential for life of cell. Receives signals from dendrites and sends it to the axon.
34
Neurotransmitter
Axon terminal of the neuron. Contains thousands of tiny vesicles that store chemical substances.
35
Neurilemma
important for regeneration of a severed nerve
36
Pituitary gland
Also called the hypophysis is split into 2 parts the Anterior and Posterior gland. Pea-sized located in a depression of the sphenoid bone on the floor of the cranium. Attached under the hypothalamus. Anterior pituitary gland: composed of glandular tissue, secretes hormones (GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH) which then control other glands and affect the organ systems Posterior pituitary gland: Controlled by the hypothalamus, but not through secretion of releasing hormones. Composed of nervous tissue, 2 hormones (ADH, oxytocin) are produced in the hypothalamus and transported to the gland where they are stored.
37
Anaphylaxis
life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE antibodies.
38
Nephron unit
urine making unit of the kidney, cannot be replaced if damaged. Has two parts: tubular component (renal tubules) and vascular component (blood vessels)
39
Endometrium
inner layer of the uterus
40
Epimetrium/Perimetrium
outer serosal layer of the uterus
41
Myometrium
middle smooth muscular layer of the uterus
42
Fallopian tubes
about 4 inches and extend from either side of the uterus to the ovaries. Has a funnel-shaped end nearest to the ovaries, has finger-like projections. During ovulation, the egg moves from ovary to fallopian tube and then into the uterus with peristalsis activity.
43
Ovaries
Female gonads, almond shaped, located on each side of the uterus. Anchored by several ligaments. Contains eggs/oocytes.
44
Estrogen
promotes maturation of eggs and helps develop female secondary sex characteristics.
45
Testosterone
secreted by interstitial cells of the testes, small amount secreted by adrenal cortex.
46
Autonomic Nervous System
part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies motor activity to effector organs, glands, smooth muscles in organs and tubes, and the heart. Two divisions are the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system
47
Atoms-Molecules-Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism
48
Aldosterone
secreted by the adrenal cortex, stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water, stimulates excretion of potassium
49
Epithelial tissue
also called epithelium, forms large continuous sheets, helps form the skin and covers the entire outer surface of the body.
50
Classifications of epithelial tissue
Simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar
51
Exocrine glands
have ducts or tiny tubes, exocrine secretions are released before reaching surface. Ex. Mucus, sweat, saliva, digestive enzymes.
52
Major Exocrine glands
sebaceous (secrete sebum) and sweat (apocrine and eccrine, stimulated by hormones)
53
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones like insulin. Do not have ducts, hormones secreted directly to the blood.
54
What are the 5 types of connective tissue
loose CT, dense fibrous CT, cartilage, bone, liquid CT.
55
3 types of epithelial membranes
Mucous (lines all body cavities that are open to the exterior), Serous (lines ventral body cavities, not open to the exterior), Cutaneous (the skin)
56
Layers of the skin
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer
57
Parts of a hair
shaft, root, follicle
58
Layers of the digestive tract
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscle layer, Serosa
59
Peristalsis
Rhythmic, alternating contractions and relaxation of the muscles, pushes stuff through the body
60
Accessory Organs
teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
61
Parts of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
62
Sphincters
Lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter
63
Rugae
folds in the stomach allowing it to expand
64
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve
65
Larynx
voice box
66
Medulla Oblongata
connects the spinal cord with the pons, relay for sensory and motor information. Controls the body’s vitals.
67
Pons
extends from midbrain to the medulla oblongata, composed of tracts that act as a bridge for info travelling to and from brain structures. Regulates breathing rate and rhythm.
68
Hypothalamus
second structure in the diencephalon, below thalamus, and regulates body processes.
69
Chemicals dissolved in the blood
CO2, H, O2
70
Sensory Function
Info from the body and environment to the CNS
71
Integrative Function
interpreting info brought to the CNS
72
Motor Function
Information from the CNS to the muscles and glands
73
Sensory (afferent) neurons
carry info from periphery toward CNS
74
Motor (efferent) neurons
carry info from CNS toward periphery
75
Interneurons
found in the CNS, connect sensory and motor nerves
76
Intracellular
inside the cell, ex. Potassium, phosphate, magnesium
77
Extracellular
outside of the cell, ex. Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

Biology Final Exam Study Guide PSW (5 decks)

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