Differentiate Flashcards
Extracellular vs. intracellular fluid
Extracellular: contains high concentrations of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions. Plasma portion contains more protein than other extracellular fluids.
Intracellular: contains high concentrations of potassium, phosphate and magnesium ions.
Two types of bones, spongy vs. compact
Compact bone: dense, hard bone tissue found in the shafts of long bones and on the outer surfaces of other bones. Tightly packed, so its density can provide strength. Consists of the haversian system, blood vessels run laterally connecting this system with each other and with the periosteal lining that surrounds bone. The blood vessels ensure that the bone tissue receives adequate oxygen supply and nutrient-rich blood.
Spongy bone: located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones. Less dense than compact bone. Does not contain haversian systems. Arranged in plates called trabeculae. Bone plates separated by holes looks like Swiss cheese. The holes decrease the weight and contain red bone marrow.
Smooth vs. skeletal muscle vs. cardiac
Skeletal muscle: attached to the bone, voluntary (chooses when to move), appear stripped or striated
Cardiac muscle: only in the heart. Striated and involuntary.
Smooth muscle: found in the walls of the viscera, it is involuntary, does not appear striated therefore it is nonstriated muscle.
Red blood cells vs. white blood cells vs. platelets
Red Blood Cells: transports O2 to tissues.
White Blood Cells: protects body from infection.
Platelets: protect the body from bleeding, prevents blood loss.
Inspiration vs. expiration
the act of breathing through phases, breathing in and out
Sympathetic nervous system vs. parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic: fight or flight division of the ANS, activated during periods of stress or times a person feels threatened
Parasympathetic: feed or breed division of the ANS, most active when quiet, no stressful conditions, calming effect, role in regulation of digestion and reproductive functions
Negative feedback control vs. biorhythms vs. central nervous system vs. positive
Negative feedback control: a pattern/a circle, information about a hormone or the effects of that hormone. Example: plasma levels of glucose increase after eating, insulins released from the pancreas, insulin causes glucose to enter cell from the extracellular fluid, as plasma glucose levels decrease, pancreas receives signal to decrease insulin levels.
Biorhythms: less-understood mechanism, hormone secretion in 24-hr pattern, can be disturbed by alterations in sleep patterns, fatigue, shift work as well as drugs. Example monthly menstrual cycle.
Control by the Central Nervous System: helps control secretion of hormones in two ways: activation of the hypothalamus and stimulates sympathetic nervous system (stress hormones)
Positive feedback loop: designated to produce a rapid response, stimulus for a greater change in the same direction. Example: labor, head stretches cervix, stretches cause nerve impulses from cervix to brain, oxytocin is released, further stimulates the contraction of the uterus, cervix is stretched, continues till babies born.
T cells vs. B cells
T cells: Lymphocytes travel to the thymus gland; they mature into T cells. Make up 70-80% of bloods lymphocytes, they live, work, reproduce in lymphoid tissue, T cells attack antigens directly through cell-to-cell contact
B cells: Make up 20-30% of the blood’s lymphocytes, live in lymphoid tissue, B means bone marrow. B cells attack antigens indirectly through the secretion of antibodies.
Oliguria vs. polyuria vs. dysuria
Oliguria: refers to scanty or insufficient urine production as occurs in response to protracted hypotension
Polyuria: excessive production of urine
Dysuria: refers to difficulty in passing urine
Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System
Central: includes the brain and spinal cord, CNS is in the dorsal cavity, Brain is in the cranial cavity, spinal cord is enclosed in the spinal cavity.
Peripheral: located outside the CNS and consists of nerves that connect the CNS with the rest of the body. Peripheral nerves, cranial nerves, spinal nerves.
Grey matter vs white matter
Grey matter: located in the center, like a butterfly. Is made of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, interneurons and synapses. Two projections: dorsal (posterior) horn and the ventral (anterior) horn. Middle is the central canal: a whole that extends through the entire spinal cord, CSF flows from the brain to the subarachnoid space through the central canal.
White matter: composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, the neuronal axons are grouped into sensory and motor neurons.
ascending tract vs. descending tract
Ascending: sensory, carries info from periphery to the brain
Descending: motor, carries information from the brain to the periphery
