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EXPESY > EXPESY Lesson 1 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD - Sheet1 > Flashcards

EXPESY Lesson 1 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the science of mental processes and behavior.

A

PSYCHOLOGY

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2
Q

As psychologists, we take a scientific approach to understanding behavior, and our knowledge about psychological processes is based on _ evidence accumulated through research.

A

scientific evidence

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3
Q

As psychologists, we take a scientific _ to understanding behavior

A

SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

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4
Q

As scientists, we rely on _ methods when we conduct psychological research.

A

scientific methods

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5
Q

This is the research about psychological processes underlying behavior.

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

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6
Q

All areas of psychology rely on _ research methods.

A

scientific research methods

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7
Q

Whether the data come from laboratory experiments, real-world settings, or therapy sessions, all psychologists use _ criteria to evaluate their data.

A

scientific criteria

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8
Q

connotes content and process

A

Science

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9
Q

consists of the scientific techniques we use to collect and evaluate data

A

Methodology

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10
Q

the facts we gather using scientific methods

A

Data

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11
Q

Who called nonscientific data gathering commonsense psychology

A

Heider

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12
Q

nonscientific data gathering

A

commonsense psychology

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13
Q

This approach uses nonscientific sources of data and nonscientific inference

A

commonsense psychology

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14
Q

nonscientific use of information to explain or predict behavior.

A

Nonscientific inference

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15
Q
  1. Gambler’s fallacy
  2. overuse of trait explanations
  3. stereotyping
  4. Overconfidence bias
A

4 Nonscientific inference

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16
Q

people misuse data to estimate the probability of an event, like when a slot machine will pay off.

A

gambler’s fallacy

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17
Q

we falsely assume that specific behaviors cluster together

A

stereotyping

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18
Q

Stereotypes ignore individual differences.

A

stereotyping

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19
Q

to explain others’ behavior, we often make unwarranted dispositional attributions and underuse situational information

A

overuse trait explanations

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20
Q

This bias can reduce the accuracy of our explanations and predictions.

A

overuse trait explanations

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21
Q

we feel more confident about our conclusions than is warranted by available data.

A

overconfidence bias

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22
Q

This form of nonscientific inference can result in erroneous conclusions when we don’t recognize the limitations of supporting data.

A

overconfidence bias

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23
Q

assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted

A

Alfred North Whitehead’s scientific mentality

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24
Q

This assumption is essential to science. There is no point in using the scientific method to gather and analyze data if there is no implicit order.

A

Alfred North Whitehead’s scientific mentality

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25
Q

There is no point in using the scientific method to gather and analyze data if there is no implicit order

A

implicit order

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26
Q

consists of statements generally expressed as equations with few variables with overwhelming empirical support

A

law

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27
Q

an interim explanation

A

theory

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28
Q

a set of related statements used to explain and predict phenomena

A

theory

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29
Q

integrate diverse data, explain behavior, and predict new instances of behavior

A

Theories

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30
Q

is critical to the scientific method

A

Good thinking

31
Q

We engage in good thinking when data collection and interpretation are _, _ and _

A

systematic, objective, and rational

32
Q

The principle of _ is that we prefer the simplest helpful explanation.

A

principle of parsimony

33
Q

Sir _ proposed that science advances by revising theories based on the “weight of evidence.”

A

Karl Popper

34
Q

Sir Karl Popper proposed that science advances by revising theories based on the “weight of _”

A

weight of evidence

35
Q

Science is _ as scientific explanations and theories are challenged, revised, or replaced.

A

self-correcting

36
Q

principle of _ allows us to disprove statements using a single, contrary observation

A

principle of modus tollens

37
Q

We can never prove a statement because a contradictory _ might be found later.

A

contradictory observation

38
Q

an exact or systematic repetition of a study

A

Replication

39
Q

increases our confidence in experimental results by adding to the weight of supporting evidence

A

Replication

40
Q

DISCRIPTION
PREDICTION
EXPLANATION
CONTROL

A

4 objectives of psychological science

41
Q

a systematic and unbiased account of observed characteristics of behaviors “WHAT”

A

Description

42
Q

the capability of knowing in advance when certain behaviors should occur “ANTICIPATE”

A

Prediction

43
Q

knowledge of the conditions that reliably produce a behavior “WHY”

A

Explanation

44
Q

the use of scientific knowledge to influence behavior “CHANGE/MODIFY”

A

Control

45
Q

addresses real-world problems like how to improve student graduation rates

A

Applied research

46
Q

tests theories and explains psychological phenomena like helping behavior

A

Basic research

47
Q

OBSERVATION
MEASUREMENT
EXPERIMENTATION

A

3 TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

48
Q

It is the systematic noting and recording of events.

A

OBSERVATION

49
Q

means that the procedures are consistently applied

A

SYSTEMATIC (OBSERVATION)

50
Q

It must be objective so that there can be strong agreement among raters.

A

OBSERVATION

51
Q

Assigns numbers to objects, events, or their characteristics.

A

MEASUREMENT

52
Q

This is an inherent feature of quantitative research.

A

MEASUREMENT

53
Q

It is the process we use to test the predictions we call hypotheses and establish cause-and- effect relationships.

A

EXPERIMENTATION

54
Q

It is not always possible because our predictions must be testable.

A

EXPERIMENTATION

55
Q

1 We must be able to manipulate the independent variable and measure its effect on the dependent variable.
2 An experiment requires creating at least two treatment conditions and randomly assigning subjects to these conditions.
3 In psychology experiments, we control extraneous variables so that we can measure “what we intend to measure

A

requirements for an experiment

56
Q

We must be able to manipulate the IV and measure its effect on the DV.

A

requirements for an experiment

57
Q

An experiment requires creating at least two treatment conditions and randomly assigning subjects to these conditions.

A

requirements for an experiment

58
Q

In psychology experiments, we control extraneous variables so that we can measure “what we intend to measure.”

A

requirements for an experiment

59
Q

We must be able to manipulate the _ and measure its effect on the _.

A

manipulate IV and effect on the DV

60
Q

An experiment requires creating at least _ treatment conditions and randomly assigning subjects to these conditions.

A

TWO

61
Q

In psychology experiments, we control _ VARIABLES so that we can measure “what we intend to measure.”

A

extraneous variables

62
Q

An experiment attempts to establish a _ relationship between the antecedent conditions (IV) and subject behavior (DV).

A

cause-and-effect relationship

63
Q

antecedent conditions

A

independent variable

64
Q

subject behavior

A

dependent variable

65
Q

An experiment must satisfy _ requirements: we must have procedures for manipulating the setting, and we must be able to observe the predicted outcome. After administering the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental hypothesis.

A

two requirement

66
Q

An experiment must satisfy two requirements: we must have _ for manipulating the setting, and we must be able to observe the predicted outcome. After administering the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental hypothesis.

A

procedure for manipulating the setting

67
Q

An experiment must satisfy two requirements: we must have procedures for manipulating the setting, and we must be able to _ the predicted outcome. After administering the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental hypothesis.

A

observe the predicted outcome

68
Q

In an experiment after administering the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental _.

A

experimental hypothesis

69
Q

WHAT IS MANIPULATED?

A

independent variable

70
Q

EFFECT OR RESULT

A

dependent variable

71
Q

any field of study that appears scientific but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.

A

Pseudoscience

72
Q

is still very much. alive today and all of which claim to be able to assess your personality.

A

Modern pseudoscientific psychology

73
Q

astrology, palmistry, fortune telling, and numerology

A

Modern pseudoscientific psychology

EXPESY (3 decks)

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