EXPEPSY - EXPEPSY lesson 2 Flashcards
what is right what is wrong
ETHICS
Different standards that a researcher should follow while conducting their research
ETHICS
framework of values within which we conduct research
RESEARCH ETHICS
help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad
ETHICS
explain the principles by which we make responsible decisions in actual situations
ETHICS
Guided to come up in ethical decisions
ETHICS
Important, ensure fairness, calmness, protection for the participants
ETHICS
maintain integrity, resulting in reliable and honest results, builds trust holds researcher accountable
ETHICS
IRB
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
Composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to ensure that they follow ethical standards
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
- First task is to decide whether a proposed study increases participants risk of injury since psychological research can cause physical and/or psychological discomfort
- Accurately estimate the degree of risk in the research. Typically, do this by reading the literature and consulting with colleagues
- Help researchers estimate the degree of risk involved in their studies
OBJECTIVES OF INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
Protect the safety of research participants
OBJECTIVES OF INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
increases the chance of harm compared with not participating in the study
At risk
do not increase the likelihood of injury
Minimal risk
When a risk/benefit analysis determines that gains in knowledge outweight risks to participants
APPROVED AT RISK STUDY by IRB
3 Principles of THE BELMONT REPORT
Respect for person
Beneficence
Justice
Individuals have the right of self-determination (basis of informed consent)
Respect for persons
Minimize harm and maximize potential benefits (basis of risk/benefit analysis)
Beneficence
Fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research
Justice
obligation of a physician not to harm the patient
NONMALEFICENCE
A subject/guardian agrees in writing to the subject’s participation after explaining relevant details of the experiment
INFORMED CONSENT
Description may include risks and benefits but doesn’t extend to deception or the hypothesis
INFORMED CONSENT
Most crucial principle built into ethics codes is the right of a participant to refuse to be in the study or discontinue participation
INFORMED CONSENT
Ethical researchers, therefore must refrain from coercing participants to agree to be in the study or prevent participants from discontinuing the study
INFORMED CONSENT
apply to psychologists and students when they assume the role of psychologist during research or practice
APA ETHICAL GUIDELINES
used when its the best way to obtain information
DECEPTION
may not be used to minimize the participants’ perception of risk or exaggerate their perception of potential benefits
DECEPTION
_ must be allowed to withdraw from the experiment at any time and should never face coercion to remain
SUBJECTS
The experimenter should provide a _ (full disclosure) after either their personal participation or the completion of the entire study
DEBRIEFING
Involves explaining the true nature and purpose of the experiment
DEBRIEFING
Essential component of good experimental research
DEBRIEFING
Must offer our participants a full explanation of our study every time we use deception
DEBRIEFING
an experimenter’s accomplice
CONFEDERATE
Helps researcher creates situation necessary for the experiments, that would be hard to achieve if it were only the participants.
CONFEDERATE
Can influence people’s reactions, decisions and actions allowing researchers to study social influence, obedience and memory
CONFEDERATE
Useful to stipulate real-life situations
CONFEDERATE
Using a confederate is deceptive bec subjects are led to believe that the confederate is another subject, experimenter or bystander when they’re actually part of the experimental manipulation
CONFEDERATE DECEPTIVE
explaining the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject at the end of their participation or the completion of the entire experiment
DEBRIEFING/ FULL DISCLOSURE
an experimenter discloses the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject and solicits the subject’s questions at the end of the experiment
DEBRIEFING
subjects are not identified by name
ANONIMITY
Researchers achieve _ by collecting data without names and assigning code number
ANONIMITY
data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the subject
CONFIDENTIALITY
the humane care and treatment of animals
Animal Welfare
Minimizing pain and distress
Appropriate use of species
Animal Welfare
IACUC
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Institutions that conduct animal research must establish an _ to evaluate animal research before it’s conducted
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
must determine that the researchers have explored all alternatives and have documented that there are no other feasible alternatives.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
are the position that sensate species (those that can feel pain and suffer) have equal value and rights to humans
Animal rights
falsifying or fabricating data
SCIENTIFIC FRAUD
A researcher’s graduation, tenure, promotion, funding or reputation may motivate researchers to commit this fraud
SCIENTIFIC FRAUD
PEER REVIEW
REPLICATION
COMPETITION
DEFENSE LINES AGAINST FRAUD
process filters submitted manuscripts so that only 15-20% of articles are printed
PEER REVIEW
where researchers attempt to reproduce the finding of others
REPLICATION
by colleagues for scarce resources while a cause of fraud
COMPETITION
misrepresenting someone’s ideas, words or written work as your own
PLAGIARISM
a form of fraud in which an individual claims false credit for another’s ideas, words, or written work
PLAGIARISM
_ credit should only be given to those who made a major contribution to the research or writing
Authorship credit
_ should not take credit for the same research more than once
Researchers
The ethical solution is to _ original publications when republishing data in a journal article or republishing journal articles in an edited volume
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