Experiments (mental lexicon, word production and comprehension)

Question 1

Speech planning (Kempen & Huibers 1983)

Answer 1

Task: describing scenes; measured time before starting to talk
Authors manipulated lexical difficulty and phonological difficulty
Results: lexical difficulty affected onset speech; phonological difficulty did not
Conclusion: we start talking when we have lexical info for whole scene but phonology only for the first word
Evidence for two stages

Question 2

Picture-word interference (Levelt et al 1991)

Answer 2

Task: picture naming with auditory distractor
Phonological distractor: ball-wall
Semantic distractor: cat-dog
SOA was manipulated; distractor was presented before or after picture
Semantic interference early on (SOA = - 100 ms)
Phonological priming later on (SOA = +150 ms)
Conclusion: semantic info is processed earlier
Evidence for two stages