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1
Q

Observational Study: Elephant Ethogram

A

What behaviors to captive Asian elephants exhibit?
- every 5 minutes for 1 day for a week for 11 months – observed elephants behavior
- they show stereotypical behavior of spending 1/4 of their time eating (boredom)
- clumped vs. spaced feeding sights
- less bored when paced out

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2
Q

Observational Study: Why do crab eating macaques use special sleeping trees

A
  • not a food source
  • no evidence for predator avoidance
  • an explanation was that they slept in trees opposite to other groups
  • advertisement theory supported
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3
Q

Spallanzani’s 1st experiment

A

owls in complete darkness
- owls could not fly well
C - owls need sight for light

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4
Q

Spallanzani’s 2nd experiment

A

bats in complete darkness
- bats flew fine
C- bat’s don’t need sight for flight

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5
Q

Spallanzani’s 3rd experiment

A

black hoods on bats
- black hooded bats couldnt fly
C- bats need sight for flight

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6
Q

Spallanzani’s 4th experiment

A

transparent hoods on bats
- clear hooded bats couldn’t fly as well
C - hood was trouble whether or not light got in

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7
Q

Spallanzani’s 5th experiment

A

blind bats without covering ears
- flew just fine
C - bats don’t really need sight for successful flight

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8
Q

Spallanzani’s 6th experiment

A

plug ears wtih grease or cotton
- deadened bats couldnt fly well and didnt feed

C - bats need good hearing for successful flight

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9
Q

Spallanzani’s 7th experiment

A

control
deafened bats were distressed by objects in ears, placed hollow brass tubes

C - need good hearing

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10
Q

Hilara maura

A

gift wraps…random object

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11
Q

Hilara sartor

A

gift wraps…nothing at all

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12
Q

hilara quadrivattata

A

gift wraps dead prey in silk (to make it look bigger)

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13
Q

hilara thoracica

A

large cocoon, small prey

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14
Q

Trinidadian Guppies

A

upstream: low predation
downstream: high predation
– look different/diff puberty

Experiments: 200 guppies from high-predation site transferred upstream to low-predation sight

Result:
In 11 years (30-60 generations), the manipulated population evolved schooling and predator inspection behaviors more similar to the ancestral population

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15
Q

Fixed Action Pattern - Triggering Territorial behavior in Stickelbacks

A
  • As long as the models had an eye and a red belly → could get them to show the territorial behavior
    Experiment doesn’t suggest that they don’t react unless there is color → only tested gray/red
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16
Q

Fixed Action Pattern - Grey Goose’s Egg Retrieval

A

All female gray goose have egg retrieval
Whenever she notices that an egg is not in the nest – she uses her beak to roll it back to the nest
Was described originally as the mother’s love for the baby – but soon discovered it was a deep rooted behavior
- every female goose did this behavior in the same way

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17
Q

Stickleback Courtship behavior (Chain Rxn - FAP)

A
  • female with eggs
  • make responds with zigzag swim
  • female follows
  • male shows nest entrance and female enters nest
  • male then prods females tail while making tremblig movements
  • female spawns and leaves; male then enters the nest and also spawns
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18
Q

Tinbergen

A

Manipulation of environment to understand mechanism
(DIGGER WASP)

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19
Q

Digger wasp - visual cue changed (pine cones were no longer circled around the burrow)

A

returning wasps followed the visual cue: first searched firs in area with pine cones

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20
Q

Digger wasp - cue conflict vs. scent vs. vision

A

returning wasps followed the visual cue: searched first in area with pine condes

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21
Q

Begging in Black -headed gulls (4 steps)

A

1.) Chick approaches parent
2.) opens and closes beak several times
3.) chick turns its own head, positions own bill and graps parent’s bill
4.) chick pushes up with body and pulls down bill

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22
Q

Black-headed gulls experiment

A
  • raised some chicks in incubators with no chance to properly beg, other chicks were raised normally

result: both sets did steps 1&2, but almost none of the incubator babies did steps 3 and 4 properlly

conclusion: 3&4 are nurture and 1&2 are innate

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23
Q

Stabilizing Selection in Cichlid Fish

A

wanted to compare growth rate of fish in different-sized patches of food
- focal fish trying to defend its food patch from 4 competitors

When measuring defensive behavior – defending larger territories required more work (more chases per minute)

When measuring growth rate of fish defending the different sized patches - medium sized territories had the best balance of cost and benefit

So: stabilizing selective pressure for intermediate territories

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24
Q

Directional Selection in Hawaiian Crickets

A

between 1991 and 2001 – sound of crickets almost disappeared
WHY - parasitic fly appeared and would listen for cricket calls then lay its eggs on the back of cricket for maggots to attack and eat

  • downside to being a calling male cricket (sexual selection – females still prefer calling males)
  • rapid evolution (directional selection) for crickets to become quiet – a mutation caused males to lose the sound-producing parts of their wings (did not get attacked and survived better)

What about Sexual Selection
- silent males would hang around calling males and try to intercept females
- silent males evolved to move around more
- females evolved to be less picky

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25
Q

Disruptive Selection in Spadefoot Toad Tadpoles

A

Detritivores: consume detritus and small invertebrates

Carnivores: consume invertebrates

intermediates: are rarer but generalists

Observed growth of different morphs when given detritus as food source
Result —- Detritovores did better than intermediates which did better than carnivores

Observed ability to catch shrimp
Result —- Carnivores did better than intermediates which did better than detritovores

Did a mark and recapture study
Results: intermediate morphs survived less well (10%) and they were also much smaller

Conclusion: Individuals with specialized traits on either end of the spectrum have higher fitness than individuals with intermediate traits

26
Q

Digger Wasps - Mixed ESS

A

use 2 strategies to obtain burrows
1- “diggers” dig their own burrows
2 - “borowers” use abandoned burrows

Which strategy a wasp uses is genetic –> diggers always dig and borrowers always borrow

27
Q

Sexual Selection in House Finches

A

males are red, females are greyish brown

– coloration of male ranges from red - orange - yellowish (mostly due to diet)

TESTABLE PREDICTION: if females perfer to mate with red males, than red males should get mates more easily

EXP 1

followed females behavior w 4 males – most peferred reddst male (no diff between middle male)

EXP2

male feathers were dyed more or less red

Result – females perferred reddest male

Conclusion – red plumage is a sexually selected trait in house finches

28
Q

Do lemmings commit suicide – group selection

A
  • spotted diving off cliffs into water when food is scarce
  • idea is that they can sacrifice themselves for the greater good

Since Natural Selection works in individual genes, group selection can only work if the sacrifice increases the level of sacrifice gene in the remaining population

Difficulties with group selection
- Cheaters would win
- suicidal genes would be lost

ACTUALITY
- when population numbers are high, lemmings disperse to reduce intraspecific competition

29
Q

Maze Running in Rats

A

Can study effect of environment on genetically influenced behavior y raising some strain in DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

  • environments difference in the amount of novelty the animals experienced while growing up (how enriched their environment was)

offspring of dull or bright

RESULTS:

Restricted: Dull and Bright made around the same amount of errors

Normal: Dull made almost the same amount as restricted, bright made about half

Enriched: Both dull and bright made a lot less errors, bight made slightly less

30
Q

Classical Genetics: Hygienic Behavior in Honeybees

A

Exp 1: Identified hives that bred true – crossed hygienic with unhygienic
Result – all offspring unhygienic
Conclusion – unhygienic behavior dominant AND hygienic hive must be homozygous recessive and the unhygienic hive is homozygous dominant as well

Exp 2: Backcross the heterozygous unhygienic offspring with hygienic homozygous recessive parents
Result: 4 different types of behavior seen

Ultimately
-Behavior was split into 2 diff behaviors: uncapping and removal

  • some bees did both
  • some did neither
  • some only uncapped
  • others removed (if someone else already uncapped)

Cannot explain with only 1 gene

U - no uncapping
u - uncapping
R - no removal
r - removal

31
Q

Salamanders - relatedness and animal personality

A
  • obtained 10 sets of 4 sibling larval salamanders
  • raised each larva along on an aquarium with a hiding place so that they did not interact with others

put salamander in tank with regular water (low predation) pumping in , then with water from a tank with predatory fish (high predation risk)

  • measured how much time spend in the refuge
  • “low risk” larvae spent less time in refuge than the “high-risk” larvae

linear correlation between time spent out of refuge ‘safe’ and when it was ‘risky’ bold when safe still bold when risky

Implies that the phenotypic expression can be due to genetics
Siblings were similar to each other - implying that the phenotype of being bold or shy has an underlying genetic basis (they didn’t interact with each other – suggest

32
Q

Knock-out and Knock - in –> spacial learning in RATS

A

EXP 1: makeing knock-out mice that lacked NMDA gene - then tested for ability to remember spacial arrangement of a swimming chamber (hidden platform test)
Result — knock-out mice were slower than normal than the controls for learning position of platform

EXP 2: over-expressed NMDA - “knock-in” mice
Result — learned more quickly than normal controls
CONCLUSION — NMDA is involved in learning and memory – not expressed all the time bc it can be associated with increased pain perception and neurodegenerative problems

33
Q

Genone-level Analysis – Scouting Behavior in Bees

A

when bees leave to go find food, only 25% act as food scout to find NEW food sources – rest are followwers

Q – what makes a scout be a scout
Liang et. al 2012

  • put a series of diff. feeders in a huge flight cage, those that found multiple sources were called scouts — then conducted a whole-genome RNA analysis on scouts and non-scouts

RESULTS
16% of mRNA transcrips exhibited signifiant diff between scouts and nonscouts
– many of genes related to neurotransmitters associated with novelty-seeking behavior in vertebraes

POINT – behavior is likely influence by which genes are active

34
Q

worker ants

A

in the picture of all the ants – all could be genetically identical

  • difff shapes and sizes reflect gene expression triggered by chemicals i the foods that worker ands feed to the larvae
35
Q

paramecium avoidance behavior

A

1.) object contact triggers Ca 2+ channels to open

2.) Ca2+ enters cell and triggers biochemical event leading to reversal of cilila

3.) rxn follows lenth of cell, all cillia are reersed

4.) after tiem Ca2+ channels close

36
Q

Locust flight: control of patterned movements

A

Locusts have 2 sets of wings arising from the thoraz
– flight is powered by “indirect” flight muscles

what to know how NS is organized – ex: command center or response to sensory feedback or central pattern generator

CONTROL –> put locust on a stick and test for flight control using a rigid tether

1: test command center by removing brain – 2— test requirement for sensory feedback by removing sensory structures in wings — 3— only nervous structures in thoracic ganglia – which must somehow turn the system on and keep it going –»> definition if central pattern generator

37
Q

Nerve Control Escape Behavior – Tritonia

A

recordings from neurons that are active when Tritonia swims: the DFN are the dorsal flexion neurons and the VFN are the ventral flexion neurons

^^ MOTORNEURONS that cause muscles of the body wall to contract (alternating firing)

Central pattern generator kes the DFN and VFN fired alternately

2 sets of 3 DSI
2 sets of 1 C2
2 sets of 1 VSI

sensory info comes into the DRI (processes all the info )

38
Q

Interpreting Sensory Input

A

toads have a stimulus filter that allows them to detect worms in an environment full of other things

hunting in toads
1 - wait until prey moves close
2 - turn to face the prey
3- zap with their long sticky tongues

  • measured the rate of turning toward an image as image was moved
    — all had to be moving

mostly eat long horizontal

inhibitory photoreceptor and excitatory photorecptor send signal to ganglion cell (filters/balances amount) – sends info to optic tectum of toad brain (more visual processing)

outer photoreceptors – tend to inhibit ganglion cell and the inner ones excite it

39
Q

Bat detection by Noctuid moths

A

Why sometimes the moth dives and other times it simply gets out of the way

noctuid moth eats have 2 nerve cells in the ear, and the thin tympanum vibrates in response to a sound (when a sound is near)

2 paths the info can follow

1.) reflex path goes from the ear to the flight muscles, bypassing the brain

2.) a path to the brain via interneurons in the thoracic ganglia along the nerve cord

A1 and A2 cells respond to same sounds differently

low intensity: A1 has a gradient respnse, A2 doesnt really respsons

Moderate intensity: A1 inc action potential, A2 still doesn;t really respond

High intensity: Both give a strong response
^^ A2 is not gradient

Habituation in the A1 cells allows stilulus filtering of background sound

— if sound stays the same (tune out)
— of sound is pulsed – BAT — doesn’t ignore

HOW THEY RESPOND

– if sound is really loud – A2 cell responds (loud means close by) == PANIC – reflex to close wing

– A1 can only tell if sound is from above

40
Q

Quiet Bats – evolutionary arms race

A

A1 cells responded when bat was 2 ft away and A2 cells responded when bat was there

41
Q

synapse

A

1.) action potential arrives at the axon terminal and Na+ enters area – area becomes positive
2.) causes Ca2+ channels to open, Ca2+ rushes in

3.) causes synaptic vesivles containing neuotransmitters to fuse with cell membrane - dump neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

4.) neurotransmitter binds to receptors on surface of post-synaptic cell and causes ion channels to open

42
Q

loss of Ca2+ going in causes

A
  • no neurotransmitter release
  • no signal recieved by motorneuron
  • no signal sent to muscles so no gill withdrawl
43
Q

Leeches

A

ADDING substance of interest

  • bathe hungry and satiated leeches in serotonin
  • analyze behavior and physiological responses
    RESULT: satiated leeches acted hungry
  • stimulate the serotonergic neuron in the leech brain – natural source of serotonin
  • analyze behavior and physiological responses
    RESULT: satiated leeches acted hungry

REMOVING substrate of interest
- block action of seretoniin with 5,7
- DHT
- analyze
RESULT: hungry leeches acted satiated

interaction of feeding behavior and brain
– matched leeches in paires according to size and allowed on of each pair to feed till satiated
- measured amount of serotonin in brains of hungry vs. satiated leeches

RESULT – satiated leeches had less serotonin

44
Q

Green anole, Carolina anole

A
  • reptile where gonads shrink outside of breeding season
  • testes regrow in response to warm temperatures in the spring
  • growth of testes casues increase of testosterone
45
Q

Mating behavior in absence of testosterone in red-sided garter snakes

A
  • reptile in which testes shrink at end of breeding season and grow back after hibernation
  • hibernation needed because this subspecies found in cold areas of upper midwest, US, central canada
  • when male emerges from hibernation, it carries out courtship and mating even though testes have not grown back yet and testosterone is at zero

EXPERIMENT: captured animals at end of summer when T levels still high
THEN
- half were left intact as controls
- half were castrated so that there was no source of T
- followed for 4 years

RESULTS (during next 3 years)
- %. of intact males who courted femals stayed high
- % of castrated males who courted decreased each year

CONCLUSION:

in years 2 and 3, intact males had testosterone in the previous summer while castrated ones did not – it looks like testosterone affects behavior months later

Added testosterone to the castrated males and courtship retuened

46
Q

Prolactin and Incubation in Penguins

A

Massaro, Seitawan, and Davis 2007)
An increase in prolactin is associated with egg incubation behavior in female penguins

wanted to know if prolactin levels were affected by

1.) the sight of an egg (visual stimulus) OR
2.) the feel of an egg (tactile stimulus)

2 kinds of stimules

  • provided visual stimulus – fake egg near nest
  • provided tactile (and visual) stimulus in nest

RESULTS

Birds than could only see eggs did NOT have elevated levels of prolactin (prior and visual were not sig diff)

Birds that had eggs added to nest DID have higher prolactin levels than controls

CONCLUSION
presence of an egg in nest results in increased prolactin production in these birds – hormones are altered by experience

47
Q

Sexual Behavior in Rats

A

male behavior = mounting
female behavior = lordosis

  • testosterone during days 1-5 has an ORGANIZATIIONAL effect
  • days 1-5 represent a CRITICAL PERIOD for that organizational effect given that castration has no effect during days 6-10
  • Testosterone has an ACTIVATIONAL affect in adulthood

males that were castrated and not given testosteron during the critical period showed signs of lordosis

Female brain does not respond to testosterone in adulthood - so there is no activational effect

48
Q

Monogamy and Polygyny in voles

A

Polygynous males mate with a female and then move on to seek another female, while the female builds a den and raises her pups alone.

Prairie voles are typically monogamous. Male and female mate, form a social bond, and build a den together. The male helps care for the pups, often ‘huddling’ with them to keep them warm while the female seeks food.

Medow voles: polygynous
Prarie voles: monagamous

Cross-Fostering Experiment:

  • Baby meadow voles put into a nest of praire voles
  • prairie vole adults accepted them as onw

CONTROL - baby meadow put into best of other meadow vole

RESULTS - cross-fosterd female meadow voles spent more time than controls cuddling and nursing young

4 of 8 cross-fosterd MALE nested with their mates and were monogamous

CONCLUSION
parental behavior is highly influenced by environemt BUT 4 of 8 cross-fostered males were still poly – GENES still can play a role

HORMONE: vasopressin – released in males when having sex w same female (feelings and pleasure center) avpr1a

49
Q

Testing role of avpr1a in praire voles

A

Made 3 hypo praire lines

1.) avpr1a-VP: had an extra copy of avpr1a expressed in the ventral pallidum (reward center)

2.) Avpr1a-CP: an extra copy was expressed in a different brain area, caudate putamen (not related to reward center)

3.) lacZ-VP/CP: bacterial lacZgene was expressed in VP and CP as control

RESULTS

  • males that had extra vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidium spent mpre time with female

Meadow voles do not usually have receptors in the ventral pallidium – dont feel reward

50
Q

Development of worker behavior in honey bees

A
  • anaimals don’t stat life with all possible behaviors
  • some are acquired
  • packing pollen and really foraging ae acquired

Correlation of (for) gene expression with nurse/forager transition in brains of nurses and foragers in three honey bee colonies

51
Q

role of JH in the nurse-forager transition

A

correlation: JH is low in nurse bees, but higher in foragers
Add JH - become precocious foragers
Remove JH - transition to forager delated
when Jh added back after removed - normal behavior

52
Q

social interaction can change development of behavior

A

added bees at an age that should normally be nurse bees to bees that were already foragers

  • if you added more young bees - resident young bees switched to being foragers

when older bee provides food to younger bees, transfers a compound called ethyl oleate – slows down forager transition (acts as pheromone)

53
Q

Marsh Tits: Environment can influence development of nervous system

A

birder were either fed
1.) whole sunflower seeds (could be stored for later)
or
2.) powdered sunflower seeds (which had to be consumed at the feeder)

  • birds recieving whole seeds and storing them had a larger hippocampus - learns location (NS actially changing structure in response to environment)
54
Q

London Taxi

A

had to learn and be able to map out 25,000 locations in London
- hippocampys was diferent: larger in posterior and smaller in anterior

did a study –> trainees who passed the test had substantial growth of the hippocampus compared to those who did not

55
Q

developepment of songbird

A

genetics of being male leads to estrogen production in male brains during emryogenesis

estrogen masculinizes the brain by triggering growth of the song areas

brains start out the same but diverge over time

56
Q

role of estrogen in masculinizing the female brain

A
  • add estrogen pellets of nestling female zebra finch – show same growth in song areas as males do
  • 15/18 treated females produced male-like songs
57
Q

White-crowned sparrow (WCS) - role of learning

A
  • young male needs to hear his song during listening phase in order to preproduce it later on CRITICAL PERIOD
    10-50 days after hatchign
    FoxP2 gene is expressed in Area X during “listening phase”

resarchers used knockdown technique to reduce expression of FoxP2
—– didn’t sing as well — FoxP2 is required for normal developent

58
Q

matching phase

A
  • listening to itself
    experiment: deaf son –> can’t match father’s tone
59
Q

Role of Social Interactions

A

own species biase —-

played WCS and Song Sparrow recording – bird learned its own species song

but

play WCS recording and house the bird w a living song sparrow male – will use live bird as a tutor

60
Q

Brown-headed cowbird

A

brood parasite – lay egg in other nest
- no listening phase
- born knowing full song

male cowbirds learn place

  • they do not learn their own song (inate) but they can learn to modify song to produce a particular dialect

born knowing notes of borth versions - alter depending on audience

61
Q

imprinting

A

Konrad Lorenz

  • critical period
  • triggerd by spcific stimuli
  • is more or less permanent

role of sound and movement

BIOLOGY 278 (17 decks)

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