Experimentation Flashcards
0
Q
Cracked glassware
A
Treat as if it were broken
1
Q
Disposal of broken glass
A
Sweep it up,
Place in the appropriately marked bin
Record Identity of item on the lab list,
Get a replacement
2
Q
Drawer isolation
A
Glassware is kept away from all other lab materials
3
Q
Fume hoods
A
Hood over the top of the experiment to suck away vapors
4
Q
Sink disposal
A
Water only,
No chemicals, tissues, matches
5
Q
Nesting
A
Arrangement of beakers so that the dmaller beakers fit inside the larger beakers
6
Q
Spillage clean up
A
Wipe away with a wet sponge
7
Q
Distilled (RO) water
A
Pure water used for chemical reactions
8
Q
Cleaning glassware
A
Use dish detergent, not soap
Use sponge not scrub pad
Allow to air dry, inverted
9
Q
Drying agents
A
Used to quickly dry glassware
ie acetone
10
Q
Measuring pipet
A
Glass tube with a rubber bulb used to suck liquids of a specified volume
11
Q
Forceps
A
Special tweezers used to pick up a solid object
12
Q
Watch glass
A
Used to cover reactions in glass containers
Weighed to measure residue mass
Acts as a great cutting surface
13
Q
Evaporating dish
A
Porcelin half-sphere, used to hold a substance of small volume during heating
14
Q
Mortar and pestle
A
Bowl and rounded stick used for crushing a solid into powder
15
Q
Volumistic flask and ground-glass stopper
A
Tear-shaped glass container with glass cap to contain all of the mass of the reaction inside
16
Q
Round bottom flask
A
Best used to maximize heat dispersion for the material inside, for bringing a substance to a boil
17
Q
Vaccum flask
A
Flask with additional nozel to hook up to a suction device to create a pressure difference for filtration
18
Q
Erlenmeyer flask
A
Glass in which volume can easily be measured
19
Q
Test tube
A
Glass container used for adding one substance to another for observation
20
Q
Beaker
A
Ideal container for heating and later pouring,
Glass cylynder
21
Q
Well spot plate
A
Plastic square with smaller holes used for comparing a substances reaction to a variety of materials
22
Q
Stirring rod
A
Maximizes molecular interaction within a reaction
23
Q
Beaker tongs
A
Instrument used to move a heated beaker
24
Test tube holder
Accesory to a ring stand, complete with a clamp to hold the test tube over a bunsun burner or ice bath
25
Thermometer clamp
Used to hold a thermometer over a reaction
26
Test tube holder
Metal inverted tweezers used to lift a test-tube
27
Utility clap
Used to hold a glass container from a ring stand
28
Scoopula
Used for transferring powderized solids
29
Beryl pipet
Used to transfer small volumes of liquid
30
Ring
Used to hold a metal plate over a bunsun burner from a ring stand
31
Wire triangle
Used to hold a bowl in the ring from the ring stand
32
Crucible tongs
Used to lift small heated bowls
33
Graduated cylinder
Used to measure and pour liquids of a specific volume
34
Gravity funnel
Used to control the dispersion rate when pouring a liquid
35
Buechner funnel
Used to filter substances
36
Funnel holder
Used to hold a funnel from a ringstand
37
Heating angle
45 degrees to the side
38
Test tube heating
Test tube holder to position test tube with top of the liquid over flame 45 degrees to the side, facing away from yourself, towards fume hood
39
Buret
Measures liquid dispersed into container, reads bottom to top
40
Buret holder
Mechanical clamp that holds buret from the ringstand
41
Eye protection occurances
ALWAYS
42
Glasses in the lab
Still need safety goggles
43
In case of fire
Go get prof
| DO NOT DEAL WITH IT YOURSELF
44
Marked with Red
Flamable
45
Marked with yellow
Both flammable and explosive
46
Marked with blue
Biohazard
47
Occurance of chemical burns
Flood area with cold water
48
Lab clothing
Closed toes,
Covered from neck to knees, tight clothing
Hair tied back
49
Food in the lab
Never allowed
50
Smelling
Hold container away, waft fumes towards you
51
Weighing objects
Wait until cooled
| Weigh container first, subtract from the total
52
Significant figures
Record the lowest number of significant figures given from the rest of the data
53
Clamping test tubes
Clamp the tube at the top
| Above the surface if the liquid
54
Tasting
NEVER taste
55
Mixing within tubes
Spank the tube
56
'Spanking'
Hold tube at the top,
| Flick repeatedly at the bottom
57
Decant liquids
Touch glass rod to beaker spout
| Pour down the rod and into container
58
Proper flame
Blue non-luminous flame
59
Water bath
Test tube with substance is dipped in water as the water is being heated
60
Gravity filtration
Set gravity funnel over beaker with filter paper inside
| Decant liquid into it
61
Boiling chips
Stones that allow water to reach its boiling point faster
62
Heating a flamable liquid
Place liquid in crucible with lid
63
The bunsun burner setup
1) Attach burner tubing to the gas
2) set gas control to half-open
3) adjust gas contol on the burner to half open too
4) light the flame
5) turn the burner off when not in use
64
Percent error
(MeasuredValue-acceptedValue)/(acceptedValue)
65
Rounding,
5 round up
66
Extensive properties
Depend on the quantity of mass
67
Intensive properties
Properties do not depend on the quantity of material present
68
Dimensions
```
Length
Width
Height
Radius
Liquid depth
```
69
Caliper
Used for reading, incredibly small distances
70
Reading a meniscus
Use the lowest point
| Liquid has a tendency to 'climb' the sides
71
Converting Farenheight to Celcius
C=(F-32)*(5/9)
72
Converting celcius to kelvin
K=C+273
73
Separatory Funnel
Cone shaped funnel set up in a ring stand, used to partition a mixture into two immiscible solutions of different densities
74
Distillation set up
Round bottom flask over a flame, with a distillation head attatchment. A thermometer loads into the top while a tube, connected by a 'keck clamp' runs out to 'condenser', that supplies water against the flow of gravity. At the other end, also connected by a keck clamp, is a dripping addapter, set over a beaker
75
Sources of chemical information
1) Material safety data sheet,
Contains LD50, lethal doses of chemicals
2) merck index
3) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics
76
Volumetric Pipet
Glass tube, wider in the middle and narrower at the top, used to move liquids at high volume
Comes with an attachment, on which the knob is cranked to draw the liquid up.
Finger is put down on the top, use pressure to deliver
Touch tip to the wall of the flask
77
Coffee cup Calorimeter
Filled with water at a certain temperature, material heated to a certain temperature is dropped inside.
Test with thermometer, until the temperature stops changing
78
Bomb calorimeter
Material is placed in container with pure oxygen.
Container contents are detonated while the container is submerged.
A thermometer is used to measure the change in temperature
79
Heat transferred equation
Q=c*m*ΔT
C= specific heat of substance
80
Calculating specific heat
c=Q/(m*ΔT)
Q- heat transfered
81
Scientific method
```
Observe
Hypothesis
Experiment
Record results
Draw Conclusion
```
82
Titration set up
Functioning burret is positioned over a beaker
| Positioned inside this beaker is a ph meter electrode
83
Ph meter electrode
Measures the concetration of the solution by the acid content
84
Simple beam spectrophotometer
A light source gives off wavelengths of visible light, in front of a 'wavelength selector' which splits the source beam into its component wavelengths and focuses them onto the sample (contained within a cuvette) the wavelengths pass through this to a 'wavelength detector' to measure the intensity, and convert it into an electrical signal, which is then passed to a a signal processor with a readout
85
Percent transmittence
(TransmittanceOfTheSample)/(transmittance of blank-sample) x100%
86
Absorbance from percent transmittance
A=-log(%T/100)
87
Extinction coeffient (ε)
Physical property of the sample. Depends on the wavelengths absorbed by the sample
88
Beer-lambert law
A= ε*b*C
A- absorbance at a given wavelength
ε- extinction coeffient
b- the path of length
C- conentration in molarity
89
Calibration curve
Chart used to determine the conentration of unknown substances
90
Chalk for the 'Spec 20' Spectrophotometer
Worn down to a 45 degree angle,
And placed in the cuvette
Submerged beneath the substance
Used to reflect light though out the substance
91
Instructions for handling the curvette
Hold at the top, wipe to remove finger prints,
| Slowly insert into the spectrometer
92
Settings for the 'Ocean Optics USB2000'
1) click 'OOIChem'
2) pull down the menu for Spectrometer
3) check 'enable strobe'
4) set "Mode of Opperation" to 'scope'
5) set the transmittence knob to 100% T
6) click 'Reference' and adjust integration time to the maximum setting
7) click 'store'
93
What exactly happens to the Curvette
Light travels through the bottom half of the curvette (only nesisary to fill it half-way). Do not fill all the way (risk damage to the spectrometer)
Based on the orientation with which it is inserted, light can pass through the solution at either 5 mm or 10mm
94
When finished storing data from the spectrometer
Always Set to 0% Transmittance
Turn off from the switch
Remove the curvet from the holder
95
Stirring box and rod
Magnetic box used to stir with a rod inside the solution
96
Set up for a voltalic cell
Two beakers are placed side by side, each filled with a reacting solution, a KNO3 salt bridge is dipped from one beaker to another. In each beaker is a reacting electrode. Each of these electrodes is connected to one side of voltmeter
97
Set up for measureing volages of a half cell
A beaker filled with a Cu(NO3)2 solution. With a Cu strip connected to an voltimeter. The other end is attatched to an Fe strip in a FeSO4 solution in a porous cup, dipped in the Cu(NO3)2 solution from the same solution
98
Chromotagraphy
A variety of methods by which a mixture is sepperated
99
Ascending paper chromatogram
An amino acid dot that 'climbs' the paper, leaving behind its constituent components as the paper absorbs another substance
100
Set up Radial Chromatogram
Dots are set up in a circle around the center of a circular paper
Placed over a dish of NaCl solution with a paper wick running from through the center
101
Accuracy
Getting the result you want
102
Precision
The consistancy with which you get your results
103
Arithmetic mean
The average measurement
104
Average deviation from the mean for a specific measurement
(Measured value-mean value)/(mean value)
105
Standard deviation
[Sum of ((measurement-next measurement)^2)/(Number of meaurements-1)]^(1/2)
Least significant figures
Always written as ±StandardDeviation
106
Relative standard deviation
(StandardDeviation)/(mean) x100%
108
Doubtful digit
The last number in the final value when rounding to the lowest number of significant figures
130
Deviations from mean
The difference between each measurement from the average value
131
Goniometer
An instrument that not only measures an angle but allows the object to be rotated
132
Diffraction
The tendency for electromagnetic wavelengths to bend around an object
133
Dueterium
Hydrogen with two neutrons
| Aka: heavy hydrogen
134
Disccantation
The process by which one substance is dried by absorbing the moisture into another substance
135
Supercritical drying
Transitioning a material from a liquid to a gas by raising the temperature and pressure beyond the supercritical point, and then lowing the pressure until the substance become a gas
136
Freeze drying
Lowering the temperature on a liquid, until it becomes solid, then lowering the pressure until it sublimates into a gas
137
Scanning electron microscope
Scans an object with a focused beam of electrons and produces an image based on the angular feedback
