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A) Chemistry > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

0
Q

Unique properties of Carbon

A

1) Tends to four form covalent bonds
2) Often forms double and triple bonds, particularly with othe carbon atoms
3) Catenates more often than any other atoms

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1
Q

Organic molecule

A

Molecules containing Carbon

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2
Q

Catenate

A

Verb used to describe the action of atomically bonded chains

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3
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of how carbon-containing molecules interact with other carbon-containing molecules

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4
Q

Alkanes

A

Single bond hydrocarbon molecules

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5
Q

Alkenes

A

Double bond hydrocarbon molecules

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6
Q

Alkynes

A

Triple bond hydrocarbon molecules

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7
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen

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8
Q

Structural formula

A

Formulas that show not only the number of atoms but the manner in which the atoms are arranged and bonded together

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9
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules of the same chemical formula, but different arrangements

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10
Q

Types of hydrocarbons

A

1) Aromatic hydrocarbons

2) aliphatic hydrocarbons (include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

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11
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Molecules with the same conectivity but different spacial arrangements

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12
Q

Connectivity

A

The types of bonds that hold the atoms together

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13
Q

Spatial arrangement

A

The manner in which atoms are arranged in relation to one another

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14
Q

Optical isomers

A

Type of stereisomer that is a mirror image of the natural molecule
(Also called enantiomers)

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15
Q

Enantiomers

A

Type of stereisomer that is a mirror image of the natural molecule
(Also called optical isomers)

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16
Q

Geometric isomers

A

A form of stereoisomers involving the orientation of functional groups in a molecule that contains bonds of incompatible rotating

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17
Q

Chiral

A

The either molecule in a mirror isomer situation

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18
Q

Dextrorotatory isomers

A

An optical isomer that rotates the polarization of light clockwise

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19
Q

Levorotory isomer

A

An optical isomer that rotates the polarization of light counter-clockwise

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20
Q

Racemic mixture

A

A mixture of both levorotatory and dextrorotary isomers that cancel each other out so that the polarized light is not rotated at all

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21
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

When a carbon or chain of carbons is bonded to as many hydrogens as it can be

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22
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon to which hydrogens could still bond

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23
Q

Reaction of alkanes

A

Undergo substitution reactions in which one or more hydrogen atom is replaced by an atom or group of atoms

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24
Reactions with alkenes and alkynes
Always synthesis reaction, always breaks apart double or triple bonds or a single bond (the bond type of lowest potential energy) Always visualize by drawing out the molecular geometry
25
Polar reagents added to unsymetrical alkenes
The positive end (least electronegative) of the reagent adds to the carbon atom that has the most hydrogen atoms
26
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Forms a 'nut shaped' hexagon of centrally bonded carbon atoms With 3 double bonds and 3 single bonds See book for specific notation
27
Benzenes
An aromatic hydrocarbon in which only one carbon atom has been substituted. Takes the form (substituent name)benzene
28
Phenal group
The name of the long string of hydrocarbons used as the substituent in the carbon hexagon
29
Di-substituted benzenes
Benzezne in which two hydrocarbons have been substituted
30
Reactions of aromatic compounds
Given as the reaction between a benzene molecule and another compound
31
Polycyclic aromatic compounds
Aromatic compounds in which individual rings are fused together
32
Functional group
A characteristic atom or group of atoms that give the molecule certain qualities
33
Alcohols
molecules containing a hydroxal group (OH-) Bonded to the lowest carbon atom End in '-ol' suffix
34
Meth- prefix
1 hydrocarbon
35
Eth- prefix
2 hydrocarbons
36
Prop- prefix
Three hydrocarbons
37
But- prefix
Four hydrocarbons
38
Pent- prefix
Five hydrocarbons
39
Hex- prefix
Six hydrocarbons
40
Hept- prefix
Seven hydrocarbons
41
Oct- prefix
Eight hydrocarbons
42
Non- prefix
Nine hydrocarbons
43
Dec- prefix
Ten hydrocarbons
44
Alcohols
'-ol' suffix | One hydroxical group
45
Ethers
'- Ether' suffix Oxygen in the middle of a linear geometry Hydrocarbons on either side
47
Ketones
'-one' suffix | Carbon oxygen bond, between two hydrocarbons
48
Carboxylic acids
End in 'acid' | Hydrocarbon bonded to a carbon/oxygen double bond with a hydroxyl group
49
Esters
'-ate' suffix | Hydrocarbon bonded to a carbon oxygen double bond bonded to a oxygen-based-hydrocarbon
50
Amines
Hydrocarbon-(NH2) | Ends in amine
63
Aldehydes
'-al' suffix | Hydrocarbon bonded to carbon (carbon is double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a hydrogen
64
Molecules of 1-4 hydrocarbons
Gas state at STP, used as fuel
65
Molecules of 5-7 hydrocarbons
Low-boiling liquids at STP, solvents and gasoline
66
Molecules with 6-18 hydrocarbons
Liquid state at STP | gasolines
67
Molecules with 12-24 hydrocarbons
Liquid at STP | Used as jet fuel, and portable-stove fuel
68
Molecules with 18-50 hydrocarbons
High-boiling liquids at STP | Diesel fuel, lubricants, heating oil
69
Molecules with over 50 hydrocarbons
Solids at STP | Petroleum jelly, paraffin wax
70
Suffix '-yne'
Hydrocarbons with a triple bond between carbon atoms
71
Suffix '-ene'
Hydrocarbons with a double bond between carbon atoms
72
Suffix '-yl'
Refers to the hydrocarbon group bonded to the main hydrocarbon Prefix indicates number of individual hydrocarbons within that structure
73
Methyl group
A -CH3 bonded to a hydrocarbon
74
Family (Organic)
Molecules with the same functional group
75
Iso- prefix
Used when a methyl group is bonded to the first carbon in 'CHCH3'
76
-ane suffix
Used when hydrocarbons are bonded together by single bonds
77
Geometric isomerism
A type of isomerism in which the natural molecule is rotated on one side or the other from the center
78
Alcohol mixed acids
Forms a substitution reaction | Breaks alcohol into a halogenated hydrocarbon and water vapor
79
Halogenated hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon bonded to a halogen gas
80
Dehydration of alcohols
In the presence of a catalyst, alcohols break down into a complex hydrocarbon and water vapor
81
Oxidation of alcohols
Alcohols loose a hydrogen, forming a aldehyde
82
Reduction of alcohol
Looses on oxygen to form an Alkane
83
Oxidation of alkane
Alkanes gain oxygen forming an alcohol
84
Reduction of aldehyde
Gains an H+, forming an alcohol
85
Reduction of carboxylic acid
Looses an oxygen to form an aldehyde
86
Alcohols reaction with metal
Release Hydrogen and bonds to the metal
87
Carbonyl Group
Double bond between carbon and oxygen, bonded to a hydrocarbon
88
Condensation reaction
Two or more organic compounds join, often giving off water vapor
89
Amines
'-amine' suffix Organic compound containing N Act as weak bases
90
Polymers
Long chains of repeating hydrocarbons
91
Monomers
Each unit in a polymer chain
92
Addition polymer
A polymer in which the monomers link together without loosing any atoms
93
Dimer
Any reaction between two monomers
94
Condensation polymers
Polymers that eliminate certain atoms when they come together
95
Lipids
Chemical components of a cell that are in insolubile when mixed with non-polar solvents
96
Fatty acid
A lipid, carboxylic acid with a hydrogen tail
97
Saturated fatty acid
Hydrocarbon chain that has no double bonds
98
Triglycerides
Triesters composed of glycerol with three fatty acids
99
Saturated fat
A triglyceride in which the fatty acids are saturated | Tend to be solid at room temperature
100
Phosopholipids
Lipids of the same basic structure as triglycerides except that only one fatty acid groups is replaced with a polar phosphate group One part is hydrophilic the other is hydrophobic
101
Glycoplipids
Lipids of similar structures and properties as phospholipids, but in which the nonpolar end is composed of one fatty acid chain, and one hydrocarbon chain
102
Hydrophilic
A molecule with a strong affinity for water
103
Steroids
Lipids with a four-ring structure
104
Lipid bilayer
A double layered structure that results from non-polar parts of a phospholipid or glycolipid interacting with all non-aqueauos environments, with the polar end interacts with the remaining aqueous envirnoments
105
Carbohydrates
Polyhydroxy aldehydes that give 4 energy units from their bonds
106
Monosaccharides
"One sugar" the simplest form of carbohydrate | Six carbons
107
Hexose
Six carbon sugar
108
Aldose
A simple sugar with an aldehyde group
109
Ketose
A sugar that is a ketone
110
'-ose' suffix
Means the molecule can be broken down for energy | An isomer C6H12O6
111
Polycaccharide
A long chainlike molecule composed of many monosacharite units bonded together Type of complex carbohydrates
112
Cellulose
Glucose units bonded by glycosidic linkages Most abundant organic substance on earth Not digested by humans
113
Starch
Two slightly different polysacharides, amylose and amylopectin Soft, plyable substance
114
Glycogen
Amylopectin, but with a longer chain
115
Amino acids
A carbon atom bonded to four different groups, an amine group, a hydocarbon group, a carboxylic acid, and a hydrogen atom
116
Side chain
The hydrocarbon chain that makes the amino acid
117
Structural protein
Compose structures within living organisms
118
Enzymes
Catalyze and control biochemical reactions
119
Hormones
Chemicals that regulate metabolic processes
120
Transport proteins
Transport substances from one place to another
121
Storage proteins
Transport substances from one place to another
122
Contractile and motile proteins
Mediate motion and muscle contraction
123
Protective proteins
Protect and defend cells
124
Proteins
Long chains of amino acids

A) Chemistry (9 decks)

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