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A) Chemistry > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

Unique properties of Carbon

A

1) Tends to four form covalent bonds
2) Often forms double and triple bonds, particularly with othe carbon atoms
3) Catenates more often than any other atoms

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1
Q

Organic molecule

A

Molecules containing Carbon

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2
Q

Catenate

A

Verb used to describe the action of atomically bonded chains

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3
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of how carbon-containing molecules interact with other carbon-containing molecules

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4
Q

Alkanes

A

Single bond hydrocarbon molecules

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5
Q

Alkenes

A

Double bond hydrocarbon molecules

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6
Q

Alkynes

A

Triple bond hydrocarbon molecules

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7
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen

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8
Q

Structural formula

A

Formulas that show not only the number of atoms but the manner in which the atoms are arranged and bonded together

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9
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules of the same chemical formula, but different arrangements

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10
Q

Types of hydrocarbons

A

1) Aromatic hydrocarbons

2) aliphatic hydrocarbons (include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

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11
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Molecules with the same conectivity but different spacial arrangements

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12
Q

Connectivity

A

The types of bonds that hold the atoms together

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13
Q

Spatial arrangement

A

The manner in which atoms are arranged in relation to one another

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14
Q

Optical isomers

A

Type of stereisomer that is a mirror image of the natural molecule
(Also called enantiomers)

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15
Q

Enantiomers

A

Type of stereisomer that is a mirror image of the natural molecule
(Also called optical isomers)

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16
Q

Geometric isomers

A

A form of stereoisomers involving the orientation of functional groups in a molecule that contains bonds of incompatible rotating

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17
Q

Chiral

A

The either molecule in a mirror isomer situation

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18
Q

Dextrorotatory isomers

A

An optical isomer that rotates the polarization of light clockwise

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19
Q

Levorotory isomer

A

An optical isomer that rotates the polarization of light counter-clockwise

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20
Q

Racemic mixture

A

A mixture of both levorotatory and dextrorotary isomers that cancel each other out so that the polarized light is not rotated at all

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21
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

When a carbon or chain of carbons is bonded to as many hydrogens as it can be

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22
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon to which hydrogens could still bond

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23
Q

Reaction of alkanes

A

Undergo substitution reactions in which one or more hydrogen atom is replaced by an atom or group of atoms

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24
Q

Reactions with alkenes and alkynes

A

Always synthesis reaction, always breaks apart double or triple bonds or a single bond (the bond type of lowest potential energy)
Always visualize by drawing out the molecular geometry

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25
Q

Polar reagents added to unsymetrical alkenes

A

The positive end (least electronegative) of the reagent adds to the carbon atom that has the most hydrogen atoms

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26
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Forms a ‘nut shaped’ hexagon of centrally bonded carbon atoms
With 3 double bonds and 3 single bonds
See book for specific notation

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27
Q

Benzenes

A

An aromatic hydrocarbon in which only one carbon atom has been substituted.
Takes the form (substituent name)benzene

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28
Q

Phenal group

A

The name of the long string of hydrocarbons used as the substituent in the carbon hexagon

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29
Q

Di-substituted benzenes

A

Benzezne in which two hydrocarbons have been substituted

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30
Q

Reactions of aromatic compounds

A

Given as the reaction between a benzene molecule and another compound

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31
Q

Polycyclic aromatic compounds

A

Aromatic compounds in which individual rings are fused together

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32
Q

Functional group

A

A characteristic atom or group of atoms that give the molecule certain qualities

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33
Q

Alcohols

A

molecules containing a hydroxal group (OH-)
Bonded to the lowest carbon atom
End in ‘-ol’ suffix

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34
Q

Meth- prefix

A

1 hydrocarbon

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35
Q

Eth- prefix

A

2 hydrocarbons

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36
Q

Prop- prefix

A

Three hydrocarbons

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37
Q

But- prefix

A

Four hydrocarbons

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38
Q

Pent- prefix

A

Five hydrocarbons

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39
Q

Hex- prefix

A

Six hydrocarbons

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40
Q

Hept- prefix

A

Seven hydrocarbons

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41
Q

Oct- prefix

A

Eight hydrocarbons

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42
Q

Non- prefix

A

Nine hydrocarbons

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43
Q

Dec- prefix

A

Ten hydrocarbons

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44
Q

Alcohols

A

‘-ol’ suffix

One hydroxical group

45
Q

Ethers

A

’- Ether’ suffix
Oxygen in the middle of a linear geometry
Hydrocarbons on either side

47
Q

Ketones

A

‘-one’ suffix

Carbon oxygen bond, between two hydrocarbons

48
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

End in ‘acid’

Hydrocarbon bonded to a carbon/oxygen double bond with a hydroxyl group

49
Q

Esters

A

‘-ate’ suffix

Hydrocarbon bonded to a carbon oxygen double bond bonded to a oxygen-based-hydrocarbon

50
Q

Amines

A

Hydrocarbon-(NH2)

Ends in amine

63
Q

Aldehydes

A

‘-al’ suffix

Hydrocarbon bonded to carbon (carbon is double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a hydrogen

64
Q

Molecules of 1-4 hydrocarbons

A

Gas state at STP, used as fuel

65
Q

Molecules of 5-7 hydrocarbons

A

Low-boiling liquids at STP, solvents and gasoline

66
Q

Molecules with 6-18 hydrocarbons

A

Liquid state at STP

gasolines

67
Q

Molecules with 12-24 hydrocarbons

A

Liquid at STP

Used as jet fuel, and portable-stove fuel

68
Q

Molecules with 18-50 hydrocarbons

A

High-boiling liquids at STP

Diesel fuel, lubricants, heating oil

69
Q

Molecules with over 50 hydrocarbons

A

Solids at STP

Petroleum jelly, paraffin wax

70
Q

Suffix ‘-yne’

A

Hydrocarbons with a triple bond between carbon atoms

71
Q

Suffix ‘-ene’

A

Hydrocarbons with a double bond between carbon atoms

72
Q

Suffix ‘-yl’

A

Refers to the hydrocarbon group bonded to the main hydrocarbon
Prefix indicates number of individual hydrocarbons within that structure

73
Q

Methyl group

A

A -CH3 bonded to a hydrocarbon

74
Q

Family (Organic)

A

Molecules with the same functional group

75
Q

Iso- prefix

A

Used when a methyl group is bonded to the first carbon in ‘CHCH3’

76
Q

-ane suffix

A

Used when hydrocarbons are bonded together by single bonds

77
Q

Geometric isomerism

A

A type of isomerism in which the natural molecule is rotated on one side or the other from the center

78
Q

Alcohol mixed acids

A

Forms a substitution reaction

Breaks alcohol into a halogenated hydrocarbon and water vapor

79
Q

Halogenated hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon bonded to a halogen gas

80
Q

Dehydration of alcohols

A

In the presence of a catalyst, alcohols break down into a complex hydrocarbon and water vapor

81
Q

Oxidation of alcohols

A

Alcohols loose a hydrogen, forming a aldehyde

82
Q

Reduction of alcohol

A

Looses on oxygen to form an Alkane

83
Q

Oxidation of alkane

A

Alkanes gain oxygen forming an alcohol

84
Q

Reduction of aldehyde

A

Gains an H+, forming an alcohol

85
Q

Reduction of carboxylic acid

A

Looses an oxygen to form an aldehyde

86
Q

Alcohols reaction with metal

A

Release Hydrogen and bonds to the metal

87
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

Double bond between carbon and oxygen, bonded to a hydrocarbon

88
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Two or more organic compounds join, often giving off water vapor

89
Q

Amines

A

‘-amine’ suffix
Organic compound containing N
Act as weak bases

90
Q

Polymers

A

Long chains of repeating hydrocarbons

91
Q

Monomers

A

Each unit in a polymer chain

92
Q

Addition polymer

A

A polymer in which the monomers link together without loosing any atoms

93
Q

Dimer

A

Any reaction between two monomers

94
Q

Condensation polymers

A

Polymers that eliminate certain atoms when they come together

95
Q

Lipids

A

Chemical components of a cell that are in insolubile when mixed with non-polar solvents

96
Q

Fatty acid

A

A lipid, carboxylic acid with a hydrogen tail

97
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chain that has no double bonds

98
Q

Triglycerides

A

Triesters composed of glycerol with three fatty acids

99
Q

Saturated fat

A

A triglyceride in which the fatty acids are saturated

Tend to be solid at room temperature

100
Q

Phosopholipids

A

Lipids of the same basic structure as triglycerides except that only one fatty acid groups is replaced with a polar phosphate group
One part is hydrophilic the other is hydrophobic

101
Q

Glycoplipids

A

Lipids of similar structures and properties as phospholipids, but in which the nonpolar end is composed of one fatty acid chain, and one hydrocarbon chain

102
Q

Hydrophilic

A

A molecule with a strong affinity for water

103
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids with a four-ring structure

104
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

A double layered structure that results from non-polar parts of a phospholipid or glycolipid interacting with all non-aqueauos environments, with the polar end interacts with the remaining aqueous envirnoments

105
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Polyhydroxy aldehydes that give 4 energy units from their bonds

106
Q

Monosaccharides

A

“One sugar” the simplest form of carbohydrate

Six carbons

107
Q

Hexose

A

Six carbon sugar

108
Q

Aldose

A

A simple sugar with an aldehyde group

109
Q

Ketose

A

A sugar that is a ketone

110
Q

‘-ose’ suffix

A

Means the molecule can be broken down for energy

An isomer C6H12O6

111
Q

Polycaccharide

A

A long chainlike molecule composed of many monosacharite units bonded together
Type of complex carbohydrates

112
Q

Cellulose

A

Glucose units bonded by glycosidic linkages
Most abundant organic substance on earth
Not digested by humans

113
Q

Starch

A

Two slightly different polysacharides, amylose and amylopectin
Soft, plyable substance

114
Q

Glycogen

A

Amylopectin, but with a longer chain

115
Q

Amino acids

A

A carbon atom bonded to four different groups, an amine group, a hydocarbon group, a carboxylic acid, and a hydrogen atom

116
Q

Side chain

A

The hydrocarbon chain that makes the amino acid

117
Q

Structural protein

A

Compose structures within living organisms

118
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyze and control biochemical reactions

119
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals that regulate metabolic processes

120
Q

Transport proteins

A

Transport substances from one place to another

121
Q

Storage proteins

A

Transport substances from one place to another

122
Q

Contractile and motile proteins

A

Mediate motion and muscle contraction

123
Q

Protective proteins

A

Protect and defend cells

124
Q

Proteins

A

Long chains of amino acids

A) Chemistry (9 decks)

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