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Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 > Experimental 2. > Flashcards

Experimental 2. Flashcards

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1
Q

Independent variable

A

What is being manipulated

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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

What is being measured.

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3
Q

Controlled Variables

A

Variables other than the IV that the researcher holds constant so that changes in the DV are due to changes in the IV.

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4
Q

Controlled Experiments

A

The relationship between 2 variables is tested in a controlled environment; the effect of the IV on the DV is tested while aiming to control all variables.

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5
Q

Investigation methodologies

A
  • Controlled Experiment
  • Case Study
  • Correlational Studies
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6
Q

Case Study

A

In-depth investigation of an individual or group that contains a real or hypothetical situation.

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7
Q

Correlational Studies

A

Observe and measure the relationship between 2 or more variables without any active manipulation.
Variables under investigation are only measured not manipulated unlike experimental.

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8
Q

Classification

A

Arrangement of phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets.

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9
Q

Identification

A

Recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular sets.

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10
Q

Fieldwork

A

Research involving observation and interaction with people and environments in real-world settings conducted outside of the lab.

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11
Q

Literature review

A

Collating and analysing secondary data related to other people’s scientific findings and/or viewpoints, to answer a question or provide background information.

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12
Q

Modelling

A

Constructing or manipulating a representative model.

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13
Q

Product, Process or System development

A

Design/evaluation of an artefact, process or system to meet a human need.

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14
Q

Simulation

A

Using a model to study the behaviour of a real or theoretical system.

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15
Q

Experimental Group

A

Exposed to a manipulated IV.

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16
Q

Control Group

A

Receive no experimental treatment or intervention in order to serve as a baseline for comparison.

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17
Q

Controlled experimental designs

A
  • Within-Subjects
  • Between-Subjects
  • Mixed
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18
Q

Within-Subjects Design

A

Complete both experimental and controlled.
+ Fewer people are needed as each participant completes each condition.
- Participants dropping out of the experiment.

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19
Q

Between-Subjects Design

A

Complete experimental or controlled.
+ May be less time-consuming.
- Larger sample size.

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20
Q

Mixed-Design

A

Combines elements of both Within and Between. Note differences that occur within each experimental group overtime and compare differences.
+ Multiple experimental groups to be compared to baseline.
- Costly and time-consuming.

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21
Q

Confounding

A

Directly associated with an experiment that has an effect.

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22
Q

Extraneous

A

Any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.

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23
Q

Examples of EV and confounding

A
  • Participant-related variables.
  • Experimenter effects.
  • Situational Variables.
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24
Q

Participant-related variables.

A

Characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect the results.

25
Q

Experimenter effects.

A

Expectations of the researcher affect the results of an experiment (BIAS). More likely to pay attention to what confirms their expectations.

26
Q

Situational variables

A

Any environmental factor that may affect the DV.

27
Q

Preventing EV and Confounding Variables

A
  • Sampling size and procedures
  • Experimental design choice
  • Counterbalancing
  • Single-blind procedures
  • Double-blind procedures
  • Standardised Instructions and procedures.
  • Controlled Variables.
28
Q

Sampling size and procedures

A

Larger sample size increases representativeness of the population –> generalisations.

29
Q

Experimental design choice

A

Choosing an alternative design to minimise extraneous variables.

30
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Reduce order effects that involve ordering experimental conditions in a certain way.

31
Q

Single-blind procedures

A

Participants are unaware of the experimental group or condition they have been allocated for.

32
Q

Double-blind procedures

A

Both participants and experimenters do not know which conditions or group participants are allocated.

33
Q

Standardised Instructions and Procedures.

A

Everyone receives the same instructions and procedures.

34
Q

Controlled Variables.

A

Hold variables constant.

35
Q

Accuracy

A

How close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured.

36
Q

True Value

A

The value/range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly.

37
Q

Precision

A

How closely a set of measurement values agree with each other.

38
Q

Systematic Errors

A

Errors in data that differ from the true value by a consistent amount.

39
Q

Random Errors

A

Errors that are unsystematic and occur due to chance.

40
Q

Uncertainty

A

Lack of exact knowledge relating to something being measured.

41
Q

Repeatability

A

The extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results in the same conditions.

42
Q

Reproducibility

A

The extent to which successive measurements produce the same results in different conditions.

43
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which investigations truly support their findings or conclusions.

44
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent to which an investigation truly investigates what it claims to.

45
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings.

46
Q

Ethical concepts

A
  • Beneficence.
  • Integrity.
  • Justice.
  • Non-maleficence.
  • Respect.
47
Q

Beneficence

A

Maximise benefits and minimise the risks.

48
Q

Integrity

A

Honest reporting.

49
Q

Justice

A

Fair consideration; there is no result that is unfair to one group over another.

50
Q

Non-maleficence

A

No harm.

51
Q

Respect

A

Every living thing has value and the right to make their own decisions.

52
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A
  • Confidentiality.
  • Informed Consent.
  • Deception.
  • Debriefing.
  • Voluntary Participation.
  • Withdrawal Rights.
53
Q

Confidentiality

A

Privacy, protection and security of a participant’s personal information.

54
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks (Before the experiment)

55
Q

Deception

A

Intentionally misleading participants on the true nature of the experiment.

56
Q

Debriefing

A

At the end of the experiment, participants leave understanding the experiment’s aim, results and conclusion.

57
Q

Voluntary Participation

A

No pressure is put on participants to partake in the experiment; there must be free will.

58
Q

Withdrawal Rights

A

Right of participants to discontinue involvement in an experiment at any time.

Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 (8 decks)

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