exp 9: urinalysis

Question 1

Normal urine content

Answer 1

Mostly water with about 5% dissolved substances

Question 2

How does urine form

Answer 2

Formed by the kidneys

As they function to:
- remove waste products and foreign materials
- keep levels of various ion in the blood serum constant

Question 3

What are the dissolved substances in urine include

Answer 3

Waste product:
Ammonia
Urea and uric acid (organic compounds)

Foreign substances:
Proteins from pathogen and drug

Ions:
Hydrogen
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Chloride
Phosphate
Sulfate

Question 4

What happens when analysis finds too high/ too low levels of materials normal to urine, or more than traces amount of other substances

Answer 4

It is an indication that there is a pathological process - disease or injury present

Question 5

What substances are not normally present in the urine

Answer 5

Serum proteins
Glucose
Ketones
Oxalate
Ions of Bicarbonate