Exotics Anaesthesia Flashcards
what are some general preanesthetic considerations
Client discussion
reduce animal stress
physical and laboratory evaluation
pre anaesthetic fasting
What are some general client discussions you should address before surgery
realistic expectations prognosis risks aftercare provider cost
What are some problems with maintaining body temp in small animals
predisposed to hypothermia
What are some problems with maintaining body temp in ectotherms
do not generated their own heat
require external heat sources
What are some problems with maintaining body temp in well insulated small animals
susceptible to hyperthermia
What are some problems with maintaining body temp in ungulates
prone to malignant hyperthermia
What are some ways to measure temp
esophageal thermometer
rectal/clocal thermometer
name 6 heat sources that can be used during anesthesia
1) water circulating heating pad
2) incubators
3) hot water bottles
4) warm air blankets
5) rice socks
6) electric heating pad
name some methods of heating fluid
- incubator
- warm water bath
- microwave (mix well)
- IV tubing in warm water bath
- fluid heating devices
what temp should fluids be preheated to
80-95 degrees F
what are the pneumatic bones in birds
humerus in all and femur in many
what can happen if you place a catheter by pneumatic bones in birds
causes iatrogenic drowning
what is the best route for fluids
iV or intraosseous
What should you consider when doing intraperitoneal fluids
may cause peritonitis
not in birds or pregnant animals
express bladder first
what should you consider when giving fluids via colonic route
isotonic, warmed- given as enema
absorbed across mucosa
standard fluid maintenance rates
40-100 ml/kg/24hr
Intraoperative fluid rates
10-20 mL/kg/hr
shock fluid rates
30-80 mL/kg in 20 min
why should you avoid EDTA in small patient blood transfusions
may cause hypocalcemia
what is the anticoagulant of choice in birds
heparin
can birds receive interspecies blood transfusions
they can receive one interspecies or genera transfusion
pigeons are the most common donors
what effect does atropine have on rodents and lagomorphs
useful to decrease airway secretions
what preanesthetic drugs are useful in rodents and lagomorphs
atropine
ace
diazepam
what effect does ace have on gerbils
may potentiate seizures
what preanesthetic drug is used on camelids
medetomidine
what will the stabilized heart rate (%) be as a sign that you need to lighten anesthesia
<80% of stabilized rate after induction
what respiratory patterns indicate you need to lighten anesthesia
apneustic
erratic patterns
Ectotherms normally develop ___ at surgical plane of anesthesia. what should you do?
Apnea
admin PPV 4-6X/min
what are 4 ECG modifications you need to know when dealing with animals without legs/arms
1) Attach clips to steel sutures or metal hubbed needles placed through skin at lead sites
2) Attach clips to alcohol soaked pads placed at usual lead sites
3) Wings are used for forelimb sites in birds
4) Place one clip cranial and one clip caudal to the heart in legless animals
where should you place the pulse OX
tongue esophageal oral or nasal mucosa cloaca vulva
on Nonpigmented skin:
ear
wing web
flank
what are some responses in birds less than 30lb that indicate you have reached the surgical plane
slow withdraw- toe, tail, cloacal pinches
slow third eyelid response
when you have reached the surgical plane with birds less than 30lbs you lighten anesthesia when you see what reflex
slow third eyelid response
What is the prefered rebreathing system for birds under 15lbs
non-rebreathing
which birds should you intubate
all birds over 100g
how should you induce birds less than 100g
small face mask
make one from syringe cases/rubber gloves
describe ET intubation in birds
- Glottis easy to see
- Cuffs not recommended – tracheal rings complete
- Can make small ET tubes from catheters, etc.
- Tape to bird’s beak; monitor for occlusion
- If trachea occluded, can cannulate caudal thoracic air sacs and suture tube in place – use as would ET tube
how often should you use PPV in self-ventilating birds
2X/min
how often should you use PPV in apneic birds
10-15x/min
tidal volume in birds is
15mL/kg
what are 2 major anesthesia emergencies in birds
apnea- lighten anesthesia immediately
cardiac arrest follows within 2-5 min
how do you recover a bird from anesthesia
hold in towel until able to walk
how fast is recovery in birds
<5 min
what do you do if a bird beings to have signs of apnea
- PPV; if no ET tube, lift and compress sternum
- 100% oxygen
- Doxapram
what do you do if a bird beings to have signs of cardiac arrest
- Epinephrine
- Lift and compress sternum
- Laparotomy - fingertips or cotton-tipped applicators for internal cardiac massage
when handling birds greater than 30lbs what should you be cautious of (safety of personnel)
- Large ratites may disembowel a person; never approach from the front
- -Use large sheets of wood as shields to herd into corner or chute from sides/rear
- Long-billed birds strike swiftly with beaks
- -Always wear eye protection
- -Hoods may help calm/restrain birds
what are some complications with birds over 30lbs
capture myopathy
hyperthermia
leg fractures
when should you use injectable anesthetic in birds
short procedures
what injectables can be used for birds over 30lbs before induction
xylazine
telazol
diazepam/ketamine
how do you know when a reptile is in the surgical plane
when toe, tail, vent pinches do not elicit withdrawal
most retain third eyelid reflex
You need to watch for apnea in reptiles. Which reptiles can hold their breath
chelonians
aquatic squamates
crocodilians
how often should you ventilate reptiles
3-6x/min
how quick do reptiles recover from ISO
less than 20 min
recovery from injectable anesthetics can take how long in reptiles
hours to days
what can help speed up recovery in reptiles
fluids and heat
what are the 2 main anesthetic emergencies in reptiles
respiratory arrest (apnea is frequent) cardiac arrest
what do you do when a turtle is in respiratory arrest
extend/retract front legs to facilitate respirations while placing ET tube
what do you do when a reptile is in cardiac arrest
- 100% oxygen
- Chest compressions if no shell
- Laparotomy – manually compress heart
- Epinephrine
what drug can you give when a reptile is in respiratory arrest
doxapram
what are some special considerations when handling amphibians and their respiration
- Significant respiration occurs across moist skin
- Do not allow to dry out
- Handle with latex gloves or wet hands
what induction agent is given via immersion bath in amphibians
Tricaine methane sulfonate
What anesthesia agents should be used when handling fish
finquel
immersion bath
how do you treat overdose of anesthesia in fish
- Move to untreated oxygenated water
- Pump oxygenated water through mouth
- “Swim” the fish
when anesthetizing rabbits, rodents, and chinchillas with gas inductions what should you be cautious of
they hold breath and then take rapid breaths
- use preanesthetic
- use low induction settings
how do you know rabbits and rodents have reached the surgical plane
when they lose withdrawal reflexes
what should you remember when using small ET tubes in rabbits and rodents
they clog/kink easily
PPV every 2 mins
keep replacement tubes on hand
when intubation rabbits and rodents what must you be careful of not ot create
iatrogenic tracheitis
what life threatening problem can happen with oral intubation of rabbits and rodents
hemorrhage/swelling
describe how to intubate a rabbit or rodent
Practice and luck
Bounce tube off roof of mouth into larynx
Topical lidocaine to suppress laryngospasm
explain retrograde intubation technique in rabbits and rodents
- Aseptically prepare ventral neck
- Over-the-needle catheter passed into trachea
- Retrograde catheter through larynx
- Use as stylet for ET tube
- Remove catheter
- May have to perform “cut-down” to trachea in fat-necked animals
what rebreathing system should be used for ferrets
non-rebreathing
how long should you withhold food from camelids
24-48 hrs
how long should you withhold water from camelids
24hrs
