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NSULA Vet Tech Surgery and Anaesthesia > Exotics Anaesthesia > Flashcards

Exotics Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

what are some general preanesthetic considerations

A

Client discussion
reduce animal stress
physical and laboratory evaluation
pre anaesthetic fasting

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2
Q

What are some general client discussions you should address before surgery

A 
realistic expectations 
prognosis
risks
aftercare provider
cost
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3
Q

What are some problems with maintaining body temp in small animals

A

predisposed to hypothermia

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4
Q

What are some problems with maintaining body temp in ectotherms

A

do not generated their own heat

require external heat sources

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5
Q

What are some problems with maintaining body temp in well insulated small animals

A

susceptible to hyperthermia

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6
Q

What are some problems with maintaining body temp in ungulates

A

prone to malignant hyperthermia

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7
Q

What are some ways to measure temp

A

esophageal thermometer

rectal/clocal thermometer

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8
Q

name 6 heat sources that can be used during anesthesia

A

1) water circulating heating pad
2) incubators
3) hot water bottles
4) warm air blankets
5) rice socks
6) electric heating pad

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9
Q

name some methods of heating fluid

A
  • incubator
  • warm water bath
  • microwave (mix well)
  • IV tubing in warm water bath
  • fluid heating devices
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10
Q

what temp should fluids be preheated to

A

80-95 degrees F

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11
Q

what are the pneumatic bones in birds

A

humerus in all and femur in many

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12
Q

what can happen if you place a catheter by pneumatic bones in birds

A

causes iatrogenic drowning

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13
Q

what is the best route for fluids

A

iV or intraosseous

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14
Q

What should you consider when doing intraperitoneal fluids

A

may cause peritonitis
not in birds or pregnant animals
express bladder first

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15
Q

what should you consider when giving fluids via colonic route

A

isotonic, warmed- given as enema

absorbed across mucosa

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16
Q

standard fluid maintenance rates

A

40-100 ml/kg/24hr

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17
Q

Intraoperative fluid rates

A

10-20 mL/kg/hr

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18
Q

shock fluid rates

A

30-80 mL/kg in 20 min

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19
Q

why should you avoid EDTA in small patient blood transfusions

A

may cause hypocalcemia

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20
Q

what is the anticoagulant of choice in birds

A

heparin

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21
Q

can birds receive interspecies blood transfusions

A

they can receive one interspecies or genera transfusion

pigeons are the most common donors

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22
Q

what effect does atropine have on rodents and lagomorphs

A

useful to decrease airway secretions

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23
Q

what preanesthetic drugs are useful in rodents and lagomorphs

A

atropine
ace
diazepam

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24
Q

what effect does ace have on gerbils

A

may potentiate seizures

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25
Q

what preanesthetic drug is used on camelids

A

medetomidine

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26
Q

what will the stabilized heart rate (%) be as a sign that you need to lighten anesthesia

A

<80% of stabilized rate after induction

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27
Q

what respiratory patterns indicate you need to lighten anesthesia

A

apneustic

erratic patterns

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28
Q

Ectotherms normally develop ___ at surgical plane of anesthesia. what should you do?

A

Apnea

admin PPV 4-6X/min

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29
Q

what are 4 ECG modifications you need to know when dealing with animals without legs/arms

A

1) Attach clips to steel sutures or metal hubbed needles placed through skin at lead sites
2) Attach clips to alcohol soaked pads placed at usual lead sites
3) Wings are used for forelimb sites in birds
4) Place one clip cranial and one clip caudal to the heart in legless animals

30
Q

where should you place the pulse OX

A 
tongue
esophageal
oral or nasal mucosa 
cloaca
vulva

on Nonpigmented skin:
ear
wing web
flank

31
Q

what are some responses in birds less than 30lb that indicate you have reached the surgical plane

A

slow withdraw- toe, tail, cloacal pinches

slow third eyelid response

32
Q

when you have reached the surgical plane with birds less than 30lbs you lighten anesthesia when you see what reflex

A

slow third eyelid response

33
Q

What is the prefered rebreathing system for birds under 15lbs

A

non-rebreathing

34
Q

which birds should you intubate

A

all birds over 100g

35
Q

how should you induce birds less than 100g

A

small face mask

make one from syringe cases/rubber gloves

36
Q

describe ET intubation in birds

A
  • Glottis easy to see
  • Cuffs not recommended – tracheal rings complete
  • Can make small ET tubes from catheters, etc.
  • Tape to bird’s beak; monitor for occlusion
  • If trachea occluded, can cannulate caudal thoracic air sacs and suture tube in place – use as would ET tube
37
Q

how often should you use PPV in self-ventilating birds

A

2X/min

38
Q

how often should you use PPV in apneic birds

A

10-15x/min

39
Q

tidal volume in birds is

A

15mL/kg

40
Q

what are 2 major anesthesia emergencies in birds

A

apnea- lighten anesthesia immediately

cardiac arrest follows within 2-5 min

41
Q

how do you recover a bird from anesthesia

A

hold in towel until able to walk

42
Q

how fast is recovery in birds

A

<5 min

43
Q

what do you do if a bird beings to have signs of apnea

A
  • PPV; if no ET tube, lift and compress sternum
  • 100% oxygen
  • Doxapram
44
Q

what do you do if a bird beings to have signs of cardiac arrest

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Lift and compress sternum
  • Laparotomy - fingertips or cotton-tipped applicators for internal cardiac massage
45
Q

when handling birds greater than 30lbs what should you be cautious of (safety of personnel)

A
  • Large ratites may disembowel a person; never approach from the front
  • -Use large sheets of wood as shields to herd into corner or chute from sides/rear
  • Long-billed birds strike swiftly with beaks
  • -Always wear eye protection
  • -Hoods may help calm/restrain birds
46
Q

what are some complications with birds over 30lbs

A

capture myopathy
hyperthermia
leg fractures

47
Q

when should you use injectable anesthetic in birds

A

short procedures

48
Q

what injectables can be used for birds over 30lbs before induction

A

xylazine
telazol
diazepam/ketamine

49
Q

how do you know when a reptile is in the surgical plane

A

when toe, tail, vent pinches do not elicit withdrawal

most retain third eyelid reflex

50
Q

You need to watch for apnea in reptiles. Which reptiles can hold their breath

A

chelonians
aquatic squamates
crocodilians

51
Q

how often should you ventilate reptiles

A

3-6x/min

52
Q

how quick do reptiles recover from ISO

A

less than 20 min

53
Q

recovery from injectable anesthetics can take how long in reptiles

A

hours to days

54
Q

what can help speed up recovery in reptiles

A

fluids and heat

55
Q

what are the 2 main anesthetic emergencies in reptiles

A 
respiratory arrest (apnea is frequent)
cardiac arrest
56
Q

what do you do when a turtle is in respiratory arrest

A

extend/retract front legs to facilitate respirations while placing ET tube

57
Q

what do you do when a reptile is in cardiac arrest

A
  • 100% oxygen
  • Chest compressions if no shell
  • Laparotomy – manually compress heart
  • Epinephrine
58
Q

what drug can you give when a reptile is in respiratory arrest

A

doxapram

59
Q

what are some special considerations when handling amphibians and their respiration

A
  • Significant respiration occurs across moist skin
  • Do not allow to dry out
  • Handle with latex gloves or wet hands
60
Q

what induction agent is given via immersion bath in amphibians

A

Tricaine methane sulfonate

61
Q

What anesthesia agents should be used when handling fish

A

finquel

immersion bath

62
Q

how do you treat overdose of anesthesia in fish

A
  • Move to untreated oxygenated water
  • Pump oxygenated water through mouth
  • “Swim” the fish
63
Q

when anesthetizing rabbits, rodents, and chinchillas with gas inductions what should you be cautious of

A

they hold breath and then take rapid breaths

  • use preanesthetic
  • use low induction settings
64
Q

how do you know rabbits and rodents have reached the surgical plane

A

when they lose withdrawal reflexes

65
Q

what should you remember when using small ET tubes in rabbits and rodents

A

they clog/kink easily
PPV every 2 mins
keep replacement tubes on hand

66
Q

when intubation rabbits and rodents what must you be careful of not ot create

A

iatrogenic tracheitis

67
Q

what life threatening problem can happen with oral intubation of rabbits and rodents

A

hemorrhage/swelling

68
Q

describe how to intubate a rabbit or rodent

A

Practice and luck
Bounce tube off roof of mouth into larynx
Topical lidocaine to suppress laryngospasm

69
Q

explain retrograde intubation technique in rabbits and rodents

A
  • Aseptically prepare ventral neck
  • Over-the-needle catheter passed into trachea
  • Retrograde catheter through larynx
  • Use as stylet for ET tube
  • Remove catheter
  • May have to perform “cut-down” to trachea in fat-necked animals
70
Q

what rebreathing system should be used for ferrets

A

non-rebreathing

71
Q

how long should you withhold food from camelids

A

24-48 hrs

72
Q

how long should you withhold water from camelids

A

24hrs

NSULA Vet Tech Surgery and Anaesthesia (5 decks)

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